Criminal Sociology [14]
of individuals and of society in the two countries. Thus assaults and wounding, which in Italy comprise 23 per cent. of the total of convictions, reach in France no more than 14 per cent., whilst resistance to the authorities, &c., which
YEARLY AVERAGE or CONDEMNED PERSONS. ITALY, 1863-72. FRANCE 1877-81 CRIMES AND OFFENCES OF GREATEST FREQUENCY (not including those of Habitual Criminals). p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Wilful Assault and Wounding ... Illegally carrying Arms ...... -- 8 7 -- 3 3 Resistance to Authority, Assaults and Violence against Public Functionaries ... 3 5 4 --2 10 10 Injury to Property ... ... ... -- 2 2 -- I 1-6 1 5 Defamation and Abuse ... ... ... -- s-S 1-6 -- I-6 1 5 Written or Spoken Threats ... ... -- 1 4 1'2 -- '2 --2 Illegal Games ... ... ... ... -- I --8 -- 2 1 'I Political Crimes and Offences ...... 31.7 -- --2 -- 4 2 --2 Press Crimes and Offences ... ... 4 4 --4 -- --6 --6 Embezzlement, Corruption, Malfeasance of Public Functionaries -- --3 .3 -- -- -- Escape from Detention --1 --2 2 -- --6 --6 False Witness .. ... ... ... --7 2 --2 09 6 --6 Violation of Domicile ... ... ... -- 17 .15 -- lo --9 Calumny ... --. --1 I 1 --oS --o8 Exposure, Palming or ``Suppression'' of Infants -- --12 1 --2 --1 --1 Bankruptcy Offences ... ... ... I 1 --1 1'3 5 --6 Offences against Religion and Ministers of Religion -- 1 --1 -- --7 .07 Duelling ... .. .. ... ... ... -- .04 .03 -- -- -- Abortion ... ... ... ... ... -- -- -- og -- --OI Offences against the Game Laws -- -- -- -- 13 12-7 Drunkenness -- -- -- -- 1 5 1 5 Offences against Public Decency -- -- -- -- I-8 1.7 Adultery ... ... ... ... ... -- -- -- --5 5 Offences against Morality, with Incitement to Immorality ... ... -- -- -- -- --2 --2 Involuntary Homicide -- -- -- -- --2 --2 '' Wounding -- -- -- -- --6 --6 '' Incendiarism -- -- -- -- --2 --2 Illegal Practising of Medicine and Surgery ... ... ... ... ... -- -- -- -- --2 --2 Frauds on Keepers of Refreshment Houses ... ... ... ... ... -- -- -- -- I-4 1 4 Rural Offences ... ... ... ... -- -- -- -- 6 --6 -- -- m _________________________________________________________________________ _ Yearly Average of Convictions, Gross Totals 6,273 43,584 49,857 3,300 163,997 167,297
[1] Devastation of crops, destruction of fences. [2] Unauthorised gaming houses; secret lotteries. [3] An exceptional figure, owing to 528 convictions in 1863, whilst the average of the other years was nine convictions. [4] Electoral offences.
are 4 per cent. in Italy, touch 9 per cent in France. Sexual crimes and offences (as we saw in the case of rape), such as abortion, adultery, indecent assaults, and incitement to immorality, which in Italy present very small and negligible figures, are more frequent in France. Whilst the illegal carrying of arms, threats, false witness, escape from detention, violations of domicile, calumny, are of greater frequency in Italy than in France, the contrary is true of bankruptcy offences, political and press crimes and offences, on account of a manifest difference of the moral, economic, and social conditions of the two countries, which are plainly discernible behind these apparently dry figures.
In addition to this demonstration, we have given anthropological and statistical proofs of the fundamental distinction between habitual and occasional criminals, which had been pointed out by many observers, but which had hitherto remained
YEARLY AVERAGE or CONDEMNED PERSONS. ITALY, 1863-72. FRANCE 1877-81 CRIMES AND OFFENCES OF GREATEST FREQUENCY (not including those of Habitual Criminals). p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. Wilful Assault and Wounding ... Illegally carrying Arms ...... -- 8 7 -- 3 3 Resistance to Authority, Assaults and Violence against Public Functionaries ... 3 5 4 --2 10 10 Injury to Property ... ... ... -- 2 2 -- I 1-6 1 5 Defamation and Abuse ... ... ... -- s-S 1-6 -- I-6 1 5 Written or Spoken Threats ... ... -- 1 4 1'2 -- '2 --2 Illegal Games ... ... ... ... -- I --8 -- 2 1 'I Political Crimes and Offences ...... 31.7 -- --2 -- 4 2 --2 Press Crimes and Offences ... ... 4 4 --4 -- --6 --6 Embezzlement, Corruption, Malfeasance of Public Functionaries -- --3 .3 -- -- -- Escape from Detention --1 --2 2 -- --6 --6 False Witness .. ... ... ... --7 2 --2 09 6 --6 Violation of Domicile ... ... ... -- 17 .15 -- lo --9 Calumny ... --. --1 I 1 --oS --o8 Exposure, Palming or ``Suppression'' of Infants -- --12 1 --2 --1 --1 Bankruptcy Offences ... ... ... I 1 --1 1'3 5 --6 Offences against Religion and Ministers of Religion -- 1 --1 -- --7 .07 Duelling ... .. .. ... ... ... -- .04 .03 -- -- -- Abortion ... ... ... ... ... -- -- -- og -- --OI Offences against the Game Laws -- -- -- -- 13 12-7 Drunkenness -- -- -- -- 1 5 1 5 Offences against Public Decency -- -- -- -- I-8 1.7 Adultery ... ... ... ... ... -- -- -- --5 5 Offences against Morality, with Incitement to Immorality ... ... -- -- -- -- --2 --2 Involuntary Homicide -- -- -- -- --2 --2 '' Wounding -- -- -- -- --6 --6 '' Incendiarism -- -- -- -- --2 --2 Illegal Practising of Medicine and Surgery ... ... ... ... ... -- -- -- -- --2 --2 Frauds on Keepers of Refreshment Houses ... ... ... ... ... -- -- -- -- I-4 1 4 Rural Offences ... ... ... ... -- -- -- -- 6 --6 -- -- m _________________________________________________________________________ _ Yearly Average of Convictions, Gross Totals 6,273 43,584 49,857 3,300 163,997 167,297
[1] Devastation of crops, destruction of fences. [2] Unauthorised gaming houses; secret lotteries. [3] An exceptional figure, owing to 528 convictions in 1863, whilst the average of the other years was nine convictions. [4] Electoral offences.
are 4 per cent. in Italy, touch 9 per cent in France. Sexual crimes and offences (as we saw in the case of rape), such as abortion, adultery, indecent assaults, and incitement to immorality, which in Italy present very small and negligible figures, are more frequent in France. Whilst the illegal carrying of arms, threats, false witness, escape from detention, violations of domicile, calumny, are of greater frequency in Italy than in France, the contrary is true of bankruptcy offences, political and press crimes and offences, on account of a manifest difference of the moral, economic, and social conditions of the two countries, which are plainly discernible behind these apparently dry figures.
In addition to this demonstration, we have given anthropological and statistical proofs of the fundamental distinction between habitual and occasional criminals, which had been pointed out by many observers, but which had hitherto remained