Data Mining_ Concepts and Techniques - Jiawei Han [129]
Star-Cubing's approach is illustrated in Figure 5.8 for a 4-D data cube computation. If we were to follow only the bottom-up model (similar to MultiWay), then the cuboids marked as pruned by Star-Cubing would still be explored. Star-Cubing is able to prune the indicated cuboids because it considers shared dimensions. ACD/A means cuboid ACD has shared dimension A, ABD/AB means cuboid ABD has shared dimension AB, ABC/ABC means cuboid ABC has shared dimension ABC, and so on. This comes from the generalization that all the cuboids in the subtree rooted at ACD include dimension A, all those rooted at ABD include dimensions AB, and all those rooted at ABC include dimensions ABC (even though there is only one such cuboid). We call these common dimensions the shared dimensions of those particular subtrees.
Figure 5.8 Star-Cubing: bottom-up computation with top-down expansion of shared dimensions.
The introduction of shared dimensions facilitates shared computation. Because the shared dimensions are identified early on in the tree expansion, we can avoid recomputing them later. For example, cuboid AB extending from ABD in Figure 5.8 would actually be pruned because AB was already computed in ABD/AB. Similarly, cuboid A extending from AD would also be pruned because it was already computed in ACD/A.
Shared dimensions allow us to do Apriori-like pruning if the measure of an iceberg cube, such as count, is antimonotonic. That is, if the aggregate value on a shared dimension does not satisfy the iceberg condition, then all the cells descending from this shared dimension cannot satisfy the iceberg condition either. These cells and their descendants can be pruned because these descendant cells are, by definition, more specialized (i.e., contain more dimensions) than those in the shared dimension(s). The number of tuples covered by the descendant cells will be less than or equal to the number of tuples covered by the shared dimensions. Therefore, if the aggregate value on a shared dimension fails the iceberg condition, the descendant cells cannot satisfy it either.
Pruning shared dimensions
If the value in the shared dimension A is a1 and it fails to satisfy the iceberg condition, then the whole subtree rooted at a1CD/a1 (including a1C/a1C, a1D/a1, a1/a1) can be pruned because they are all more specialized versions of a1.
To explain how the Star-Cubing algorithm works, we need to explain a few more concepts, namely, cuboid trees, star-nodes, and star-trees.
We use trees to represent individual cuboids. Figure 5.9 shows a fragment of the cuboid tree of the base cuboid, ABCD. Each level in the tree represents a dimension, and each node represents an attribute value. Each node has four fields: the attribute value, aggregate value, pointer to possible first child, and pointer to possible first sibling. Tuples in the cuboid are inserted one by one into the tree. A path from the root to a leaf node represents a tuple. For example, node c2 in the tree has an aggregate (count) value of 5, which indicates that there are five cells of value (a1, b1, c2, ∗). This representation collapses the common prefixes to save memory usage and allows us to aggregate the values at internal nodes. With aggregate values at internal nodes, we can prune based on shared dimensions. For example, the AB cuboid tree can be used to prune possible cells in ABD.
Figure 5.9 Base cuboid tree fragment.
If the single-dimensional aggregate on an attribute value p does not satisfy the iceberg condition, it is useless to distinguish such nodes in the iceberg cube computation. Thus, the node p can be replaced by ∗ so that the cuboid tree can be further compressed. We say that the node p in an attribute A is a star-node