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101, 111-13, 121, 129; the quotes in the text are from pp. 69, 76, 96. See also Sydney E. Ahlstrom's classic, A Religious History of the American People, 2nd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 198-99, chaps. 9-11. On the Salem witch trials, see Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), and Peter Charles Hoffer, The Salem Witchcraft Trials: A Legal History (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997).

4. My discussion of the Great Awakening relies heavily on Lambert, The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America, pp. 128-29, 136-40, 143,145, 151, 153-58. The quote from Chancellor Hardwicke can be found on p. 133. See also W. R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

5. Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, p. 160.

6. Adam Smith's quote can be found in Lambert, The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America, p. 9; John Adams's quote is on p. 219. See also pp. 8-10, 160-62, 178-79, 205-7, 236, 238.

7. Ibid., pp. 239-40, 257-58, 260-61, 265-66.

8. On the large number of slaves from West Africa who originally practiced Islam, see Michael A. Gomez, “Muslims in Early America,” The Journal of Southern History, vol. 60, no. 4 (Nov. 1994), pp. 671, 685-86, 694; see generally Michael A. Koszegi and J. Gordon Melton, eds., Islam in North America: A Sourcebook (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992).

9. On Franklin's transformation, see the erudite and very readable book by Doron S. Ben-Atar, Trade Secrets: Intellectual Piracy and the Origins of American Industrial Power (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), pp. 58-61, 229-30n.24. Two excellent recent biographies are Walter Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), and Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002).

10. This section draws heavily on Ben-Atar, Trade Secrets, especially pp. 10, 12, 29-32, 52-53, 104-6, 115-18, 146. Jefferson is quoted on p. 37.

11. Ibid., pp. 159-66, 186, 197-98, 201-4.

12. Ibid., pp. xxi, 52-53, 152-53; Charles R. Geisst, The Last Partnerships: Inside the Great Wall Street Money Dynasties (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), pp. 283-85; John Steele Gordon, An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power (New York: Harper Perennial, 2004), pp. 24219; Cecyle S. Neidle, The New Americans (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1967), p. 62; Barry E. Supple, “A Business Elite: German-Jewish Financiers in Nineteenth-Century New York,” Business History Review, vol. 31 (Summer 1957), pp. 143-50.

13. See Sean P. Carney, “Irish Race in America,” and Curtis B. Solberg, “The Scandinavians: Blueprint for Americanization,” in Joseph M. Collier, ed., American Ethnics and Minorities (Los Alamitos, Calif.: Hwong Publishing Co., 1978), pp. 143, 219. Lincoln's quote can be found in Bill Ong Hing, Defining America Through Immigration Policy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004), p. 21.

14. See Kristofer Allerfeldt, Beyond the Huddled Masses: American Immigration and The Treaty of Versailles (London: I. B. Tauris & Co., 2006), pp. 16-17; Roger Daniels and Otis L. Graham, Debating American Immigration, 1882- Present (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001), p. 93; Carney, “Irish Race in America,” and Bernard Eisenberg, “The German Americans,” in American Ethnics and Minorities, pp. 183, 219; Lance E. Davis et al., American Economic Growth: An Economist's History of the United States (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 126, 173; Gordon, An Empire of Wealth, p. 243; Hing, Defining America Through Immigration Policy, pp. 25, 52; Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1980), pp. 481-85; Gary M. Walton and Hugh Rockoff, History of the American Economy, 6th ed. (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990), pp. 373-75; Gavin Wright, “The Origins of American Industrial Success, 1879-1940,” The American Economic Review, vol. 80, no. 4 (Sept.