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4. Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct, 194.

5. John Dewey with James Tufts, Ethics in The Later Works of John Dewey, Vol. 7, ed. Jo Ann Boydston (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1985), 285.

6. Dewey, Ethics, 295.

Chapter 12

1. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, ed. and trans. Allen Wood (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), 46.

2. Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature (New York: Penguin, 1984), 462.

3. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, 463.

Chapter 13

1. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), 287–89.

2. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974), 290–92.

3. For example, in James Buchanan and Richard Wagner, Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2000), 105–6. Buchanan is referring here to democratically mandated deficit spending in particular, but the insight applies to any other government policy—see James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962), esp. 131–45.

4. I am grateful to Jacob Held for helpful comments on this essay, and to Daniel Schmutter for prompting me to read Thidwick from a public-choice perspective.

Chapter 14

1. Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 96.

2. Hobbes, Leviathan, 88.

3. Hobbes, Leviathan, 89.

4. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, ed. C. B. Macpherson (Cambridge: Hackett, 1980), 52.

5. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 8.

6. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 9.

7. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 9.

8. For an additional account of Locke’s theory of property and distributive justice generally, see Henry Cribbs, “Whose Egg Is It, Really? Property Rights and Distributive Justice” in the present volume.

9. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 13.

10. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 111.

11. Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals, ed. and trans. Mary Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 30.

12. Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals, 24.

13. Immanuel Kant, “On the Common Saying: That May Be Correct in Theory, but It Is of No Use in Practice,” in Practical Philosophy, ed.

and trans. Mary Gregor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 297.

14. Kant, “On the Common Saying,” 297.

15. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Revised Edition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), 16.

16. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 16.

17. “Women’s Earnings Fall: U.S. Census Bureau Finds Rising Gender Wage Gap,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, media release, August 27, 2004, retrieved October 2010.

18. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 53.

19. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), 40.

20. Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference, 39, 40.

21. The Declaration of Independence of the United States.

22. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from the Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/mlkjail.html. (November 1, 2010).

23. King, “Letter from the Birmingham Jail.”

Chapter 15

1. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government in Classics of Moral and Political Theory, 2nd ed., ed. Michael L. Morgan (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1996), 748.

2. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 748.

3. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 748.

4. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 749.

5. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 748, my emphasis.

6. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” in Science (December 13, 1968).

7. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 751.

8. Cyril Mychalejko, “Ecuador’s Constitution Gives Rights to Nature” in OpEdNews (September 26, 2008).

9. Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons.”

10. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 749.

11. Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 749.

12. For further discussion of Thidwick and property rights,