Edison and the Electric Chair_ A Story of Light and Death - Mark Essig [143]
CHAPTER 11. "A DESPERATE FIGHT"
1. Quotations from F. R. Chinook to Edison, April 17, 1888 (TAEM 123:612); Francis Upton to Edison, May 28,1888 (TAEM 123:36). Also see Reynolds and Bernstein, "Damnable Alternating Current," 1340.
2. Nikola Tesla, "A New System of Alternate Current Motors and Transformers," Electrical Engineer 7 (June 1888): 252-57; Carlson, Innovation as a Social Process, 249-59; Ronald Kline, "Science and Engineering Theory in the Invention and Development of the Induction Motor, 1880-1900," Technology and Culture 28 (1887): 283-313; Reynolds and Bernstein, "Damnable Alternating Current," 1341-42; Curt Wohleber, "The Work of the World," American Heritage of Invention and Technology 7 (Winter 1992): 52.
3. Quotations from A Warning from the Edison Electric Light Co. (n.p., n.d. [February 1888]). On Johnson's plans for the circular, see Johnson to Edison, December 20,1887 (TAEM 119:871).
4. Quotation from Electrician 21 (August 3, 1888): 398. The Chicago Electric Club had some of the most heated debates, reports of which appeared in the April, May, and June editions of Western Electrician 2 (1888). Also see Electrical Engineer 7 (April, May 1888): 154-55,166-68, 220-24.
5. Quotation from George Westinghouse to Edison, June 7, 1888 (TAEM 122:861).
6. Quotation from Edison to Westinghouse, June 12,1888 (TAEM 138:438).
7. On disputes over efficiency, see Westinghouse circular, July 3,1888 (TAEM 122:877). On accidental deaths, see New York Times, November 7, 1886, January 21, October 7, December 6,1887; New York Tribune, May 6,1887.
8. Quotation from C. C. Haskins, "For High Insulation," Electrician and Electrical Engineer 6 (March 1887): 93-96. Also see Gilbert Wilkes and Cary T. Hutchinson, "Tests of American Insulated Wires," Electrical World 13 (January 26, 1889); Thomas Edison, "Insulation," Electrical Engineer 14 (July 13, 1892): 34-35; Sullivan, "From Municipal Ownership to Regulation," 132-42; Joseph P. Sullivan, "Fearing Electricity: Overhead Wire Panic in New York City," IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 14 (Fall 1995): 8-16; Electrical Engineer 7 (August 1888): 330; Israel, Edison, 311-13; Marshall, Recollections of Edison, 67-6.
9. Quotation from "Overhead Wires in New York," Electrical Engineer 7 (August 1888): 330. On wire regulation in other cities, see William Thomson, "Electric Lighting and Public Safety," North American Review 149 (February 1890): 189-96; S. S. Wheeler, "Overhead and Underground Wires in New York," Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review 23 (September 14, 1888): 291-94; New York World, January 14, 1890; George Cutter to Elihu Thomson, November 27, 1887, series II, 1887 folder, Thomson Papers; Harold L. Platt, The Electric City: Energy and the Growth of the Chicago Area, 1880-1930 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 43-45. On efforts to regulate overhead wires, see Sullivan, "From Municipal Ownership to Regulation," 132-46; New York Advertiser, October 30,1885 (TAEM 89:652); New York Tribune, January 6, 1888; New York World, July 17, 1888; Electrical Engineer 7 (August 1888): 330; New York World, New York Tribune, August 30,1888; S. S. Wheeler, "Overhead and Underground Wires in New York," Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review 23 (September 14, 1888): 291-94; Schuyler S. Wheeler, "Electric Lighting in New York," Harper's Weekly 33 (July 27,1889): 593-96, 601-3.
10. "Overhead Wires in New York," Electrical Engineer 7 (August 1888): 330; Sullivan, "From Municipal Ownership to Regulation," 146.
11. New York World, April 16,17, August 8,1888; New York Tribune, April 17,1888; New York Times, April 28, May 12,1888.
12. New York Morning Sun, June 24,1888 (TAEM 146:353;