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23. New York Evening Sun, October 14, 1889 (TAEM 146:545).

24. "Safety Devices with Transformers," Thomson to Electrician, February 27, 1888, series IV, Thomson Papers; Thomson to editor of Electrical Review, September 26, 1888; Thomson to Coffin, December 11, 1888, Letterbook vol. 23, pp. 314-15, 547-50, series IIA, Thomson Papers; Carlson, Innovation as a Social Process, 250-60.

25. Quotation from Thomson to A. C. Bernheim, October 16,1889, Letterbook vol. 30, pp. 559-66, series IIA, Thomson Papers.

26. Quotations from Thomson to J. R. Lovejoy, November 6,1889; Thomson to Electric Age, December 27, 1889; Thomson to A. C. Bernheim, October 16, 1889; Thomson to Charles Coffin, November 6,1889, Letter book vol. 30, pp. 662-67, 889, 559-66, 658-61, series IIA, Thomson Papers. Also see Elihu Thomson, "Insulation and Installation of Wires and Construction of Plant," Electrical Engineer 7 (March 1888): 90-91.

27. Quotation from Thomson to Coffin, December 24, 1889, Letterbook vol. 30, pp. 903-8, series IIA, Thomson Papers.

28. Elihu Thomson, "Safety and Safety Devices in Electric Installations," Electrical World 14 (February 22,1890): 145-46.

29. Quotations from New York Evening Post, December 12,1888; George Westinghouse, "A Reply to Mr. Edison," North American Review 149 (December 1889): 658.

30. Reynolds and Bernstein, "Edison and 'The Chair," 20.

31. 7 N.Y.S. 145 (1889); New York Tribune, September 18, 1889; New York Times, October 10,1889; Buffalo Evening News, October 9,1889; New York World, October 10, 1889; Electrical World 14 (October 19, 1889): 268; Deborah W. Denno, "Is Electrocution an Unconstitutional Method of Execution? The Engineering of Death over the Century," William and Mary Law Review 35 (1994): 578-85.

32. Quotations from 7 N.Y.S. 145 (1889).

33. New York World, October 10,1889.

CHAPTER 17. THE ELECTRIC WIRE PANIC

1. The following account of the events of October 11 is derived from New York World, Tribune, Times, and Sun, October 12, 1889. I borrow the title of this chapter from Sullivan, "From Municipal Ownership to Regulation," chap. 4.

2. New York World, October 12,1889.

3. Quotations from New York Tribune, October 13,1889; New York Sun, October 17,1889.

4. New York World, October 12,1889.

5. Quotation from ibid., January 19, 1890. Also see New York Sun, October 17, 1889.

6. New York Sun, October 13,1889; New York Sun, October 17,1889.

7. Quotation from New York World, December 14,1889. Also see Sullivan, "From Municipal Ownership to Regulation," 149; Swaine, Cravath Firm, 588-89.

8. New York Tribune, October 12,1889.

9. Quotation from New York Tribune, December 3,1889. Also see Mark Aldrich, Safety First: Technology Labor, and Business in the Building of American Work Safety (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); John Fabian Witt, "Toward a New7 History of American Accident Law," Harvard Law Review 114 (2001): 690-837.

10. "Causes of Death from Accident in New York City," Electrical World 14 (July 13, 1889): 26; John Trowbridge, "Dangers from Electricity," Atlantic Monthly 63 (1890): 413-18; Sullivan, "From Municipal Ownership to Regulation," 166-69; Neil Harris, "Utopian Fiction and Its Discontents," in Cultural Excursions: Marketing Appetites and Cultural Tastes in Modern America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 150-73.

11. Quotations from New York World, October 12,1889; Harper's Weekly 33 (December 14,1889): 990.

12. Quotations from New York World, October 12,1889; New York Times, December 12,1889.

13. Quotations from New York Times, December 2, 1889; Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review 25 (October 25, 1889): 461. Also see New York World, October 15, 1889; Harold P. Brown, "The New Instrument of Execution," North American Review 149 (November 1889): 586-93.

14. Quotation from Eugene Crowell to Edison, October 14,1889 (TAEM 126:86). Also see Harold Brown to Edison, October 22, November 7, December 30, 1889; Alfred Tate to Brown, November 11,1889; Bergmann and Co. to Kennelly, November 30,1889 (TAEM