Empire Lost - Andrew Stewart [129]
16 The speech in January 1884 included the comment that 'there is no need for any nation, however great, leaving the Empire, because the Empire is a commonwealth of nations'. He is subsequently said to have forgotten the phrase but in his Rectorial address in Glasgow on 'Questions of Empire' delivered in November 1899 he used 'commonwealth' three times as a synonym for Empire which he acknowledged had acquired 'some taint of disagreeable association'. Adopted by Liberals and Fabians for similar reason from this point the term became freely used. Smuts also pointed to his reference to 'the British Commonwealth of Nations' in a 1917 address to the members of the House of Commons in London, a descriptive term which was subsequently endorsed by Imperial Conferences. This, he argued, became the official name for 'Britain plus the free Dominions' but it was not officially used until 1921 when it featured in the Irish Treaty; Hancock, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Vol. 1, Problems of Nationality, 1918-1936 (London, 1937), p. 54; Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, pp. 7, 122; Duncan Hall, 'The Genesis of the Balfour Declaration', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, pp. 169-70; 'The British Colonial Empire', Life, 28 December 1942.
17 Brian Farrell, 'Coalition of the Usually Willing: the Dominions and Imperial Defence, 1856-1919' in Greg Kennedy (ed.), Imperial Defence, 1856-1956: The Old World Order (London, 2007), pp. 251-302.
18 Frank Underhill, The British Commonwealth (London, 1956), pp. 46-53.
19 'Memorandum by General Smuts on Constitutional Relations', 1921, DO117/33.
20 Darwin, 'The Dominion Idea in Imperial Politics' in OHBE4, pp. 67-9; Robert Holland, The Pursuit of Greatness, Britain and the World Role, 1900-70 (London, 1991), pp. 87-120; Norman Hillmer, 'The Foreign Office, the Dominions and the Diplomatic Unity of the Empire, 1925-29' in David Dilks (ed.), Retreat From Power, Vol. 1 (London, 1981), pp. 64-5.
21 Cited in 'Whitehall and the Commonwealth: The Distribution of Department Responsibility, The Round Table, (Vol. 45; 1954/1955), p. 234.
22 'Lord Elgin's Despatch on CO Reorganization', September 1907, Cd.3795; Cross, Whitehall and the Commonwealth (London, 1967), pp. 14-16; Holland, Britain and the Commonwealth Alliance, pp. 40-5.
23 The latter had been created in 1904 as a purely advisory body headed by the British prime minister, its role being 'to investigate, report [and] recommend' on matters which affected the Empire; Cecil Hurst (et al.), Great Britain and the Dominions (Illinois, 1928), pp. 39-41.
24 Frederick Madden and John Darwin (eds), Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth, Vol. VI, The Dominions and India since 1900 (London, 1993), pp. 16-26; I. R. Hancock, 'The 1911 Imperial Conference', Historical Studies (Vol. 12, No. 47; October 1966), pp. 156-172.
25 Philip Wigley, 'Whitehall and the 1923 Imperial Conference', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History (Vol. 1; 1972-1973), pp. 223-36.
26 David Walder, The Chanak Affair (London, 1969), pp. 215-16, 229-30, 353; Mark Arnold-Forster, 'Chanak Rocks the Empire: The Anger of Billy Hughes', The Round Table (Vol. 58; 1968), pp. 169-77.
27 'The Dominions and Colonial Offices—Proposals for Reorganisation', Memorandum prepared by Amery, 20 February 1925, DO121/1.
28 L. S. Amery, My Political Life: Vol. II, War and Peace 1914-1929 (London, 1953), p. 335.
29 'Report by R. R. Scott, H. P. Hamilton and R. V. Nind-Hopkins to Baldwin', 20 February 1925, DO121/1.
30 Mansergh, Problems of Wartime Cooperation, pp. 398-401; Joe Garner, The Commonwealth Office (London, 1978), pp. 10-12; John Rimington, 'Sir Warren Fisher's Civil Service', The Source Public Management Journal (19 January 2000).
31 For example Amery to General Sir C. Ferguson, 19 March 1925, DO121/1; ibid., Amery to Bruce and Massey, 19 March 1925; Wm. Roger Louis, In the Name of God Go! Leo