Empires of the Word - Nicholas Ostler [324]
4. De dissensionibus filiorum Ludovici pii, iii, ch. 5, dated by Studer and Waters (1924: 24) to 841-3. The text is there quoted in full.
5. Wright (1982: 124).
6. ‘…Et ut easdem omelias quisque aperte transferre studeat in rusticam Romanam linguam aut Thiotiscam, quo facilius cuncti possint intellegere quae dicuntur.’ As quoted in ibid.: 120, 122, from Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Legum, iii, 2.1.
7. Menéndez Pidal (1972: 24-5); also quoted in Wright (1982: 173).
8. Dante, De vulgari eloquentia, i.9.8-11: ’nec aliter mirum videatur quod dicimus, quam percipere iuvenem exoletum, quern exolescere non videmus: nam quae paulatim moventur, minime perpenduntur a nobis, et quanto longiora tempora variatio rei ad perpendi requirit, tanto rem illam stabiliorem putamus. non etenim admiramur, si extimationes hominum, qui parum distant a brutis, putant eandem civitatem sub invariabili semper civicasse sermone, cum sermonis variatio civitatis eiusdem non sine longissima temporum successione paulatim contingat, et hominum vita sit etiam, ipsa sua natura, brevissima. si ergo per eandem gentem sermo variatur, ut dictum est, successive per tempora, nec stare ullo modo potest, necesse est, ut disiunctim abmotimque morantibus varie varietur, ceu varie variantur mores et habitus, qui nec natura nec consortio confirmantur, sed humanis beneplacitis localique congruitate nascuntur. hinc moti sunt inventores grammaticae facultatis: quae quidem grammatica nihil aliud est quam quaedam inalterabilis locutionis identitas diversihus temporibus atque locis.’
9. Dante, Convivio, i.2.9: ’Movemi limore d’infamia, e movemi desiderio di dottrina dare la quale altri veramente dare non può.’
III Languages by Sea
9 The Second Death of Latin
1. Dialogues in the English and Malaiane Languages: or, Certaine Common Formes of Speech, first written in Latin, Malaian, and Madasgascar tongues, by the diligence and painfull endeuour of Master Gotardus Arthusius, a Dantisker, and now faithfully translated into the English tongue by Augustine Spalding Merchant, for their sakes, who happily shall hereafter undertake a voyage to the East-Indies. At London, Imprinted by Felix Kyngston for William Welby, and are to bee sold at his shop in Pauls Church-yard, at the signe of the Swan, 1614.
2. Reynolds and Wilson (1968: 120).
3. Febvre and Martin (1976: 248-9).
4. ibid.: 289-95.
5. Anderson (1991: 39-41).
10 Usurpers of Greatness: Spanish in the New World
1. Herodotus, iv.106; Strabo, iv.5.4.
2. ’E certifico a vuestra alteza que yo conté desde una mezquita cuatrocientos treinta y tantas tones en la dicha ciudad, y todas son de mezquitas.’ Cortés, Cartas de Relación de la Conquista de México, Carta Segunda (1982, Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 7th edn, p. 50).
3. Joseph de Acosta, The Natural and Moral History of the Indies, i, p. 160 (quoted in Crosby 1972: 38).
4. ’…pareció al Almirante que debía llevar a Castilla … algunos indios paraque aprendiesen la lengua de Castilla y saber dellos los secretos de la tierra, y para instruillos en las cosas de la fe …’ De las Casas (1957 [c.1530], i.46: 163). De las Casas, describing the events fifty years later, found this act unpardonable, since it amounted to kidnapping.
5. e.g. in Rosenblat (1964: 192-3).
6. Inca Garcilaso, according to Gómez (1995: 82).
7. Inca Garcilaso, according to Abbott (1996: 685).
8. Instrucción Real, 20 and 29 March 1503, to Nicolas Ovando, in Collección de documentos inéditos del Archivo de Indias, xxxi, pp. 163-4.
9. This is described in, for example, Alvar (2000).
10. There is a list of noted mestizo generals and writers, especially historians, in Rosenblat (1964: 211).
11. Father Blas Valera’s words, quoted by Inca Garcilaso, Commentarios Reales, part I, vii.3: ’… La cual opinión ninguno que la oye deja de entender que nació antes de flaqueza de ánimo que torpeza de entendimiento.’
12. By Abbott (1996: 91).
13. Father Blas Valera’s words, quoted