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30. Quoted in Sharon Gangitano, Indian Language ().

31. US Census Bureau, quoted in Wright (2000: 266).

32. US Census Bureau 1989, 1994, quoted in Crawford (1998).

33. Slate (2001: 391).

34. Memorandum of M. Austin’s Journey, 1796-1797, Amer. Hist. Rev., v, pp. 518-42.

35. Welling (2001).

36. US Census Bureau, quoted in Wright (2000:490); state populations likewise, pp. 169-201.

37.Gholam Hossein Khan (1902 [1789]: iii, 191-2).

38. Thomas Babington Macaulay, Minute of 2 February 1835 on Indian Education, 1835 (reprinted in Young 1957: 721-4). Although this a particularly pernicious example of cultural chauvinism on behalf of English, and played a major role in the withdrawal of support for Sanskrit education in India, Macaulay was thinking not of English’s own culture exclusively but rather of his belief that English could provide access (where necessary, through texts already translated) to every aspect of world culture. But his easy assurance that Indians could afford to neglect their own traditions is a monument to the kind of cultural overconfidence bred by successful imperialism.

39. J. J. Campos, The History of the Portuguese in Bengal, 1919, p. 173, cited in Sinha (1978:3).

40. Holden Furber, Bombay Presidency in the Mid-Eighteenth Century, 1965, p. 2, cited in Sinha (1978: 6).

41. Polier (2001). Characteristically, the work is called I’jāz-i Arsalānī, the ‘wonderment of Arsalān’, alluding to the author’s own Persianate title, Arsalān-i-Jang, ‘lion of battle’, bestowed by the Mughal emperor Shah Alam himself (p. 9). In their Introduction, p. 70, the modern translators point out Polier’s classic approach to a dispute between his two Indian wives, threatening one mother-in-law while appealing to her sense of shame for her daughter. Polier went on to marry a third wife after his return to France in 1788.

42. S. N. Mukherjee, History of Education in India, 1961, p. 30, cited in Sinha (1978: 27).

43. Ingram (1969: 235-6).

44. Sinha (1978: 28).

45. ‘All Ministers shall be obliged to learn within one year after their arrival the Portuguese language and shall apply themselves to learn the native language of the country where they shall reside, the better to enable them to instruct the Gentoos that shall be the servants or the slaves of the company, or of their agents, in the Protestant Religion’ (J. W. Kaye, The Administration of the East India Company, 1853, p. 626, cited in Sinha (1978: 10).

46. Sinha (1978: 13); Kachru (1983: 21).

47. W. H. Carey, The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company, 1906, p. 397, cited in Sinha (1978: 10).

48. British Library, Additional Manuscripts, 13828, pp. 306v-308r; McKinnon goes on to propose setting up a seminary, teaching English and classical Greek, in Lucknow, on the basis of an existing library of classical books.

49. Parliament Debate (1813), 26: 562-3.

50. Selections from Educational Records I (H. Sharp, 1920), p. 22, and II (J. A. Richey), p. 152, cited in Sinha (1978: 32).

51. Sir Hyde East’s letter to J. Harrington, 18 May 1816, cited in Sinha (1978: 36).

52. Ram Mohan Roy’s letter to Lord Amherst, 11 Dec. 1823, cited in Kachru (1983: 60).

53. Samachar Darpan, 23 April 1834, cited in Sinha (1978: 41).

54. Duff (1837: 3). The member of the committee representing the law interest, Thomas Babington Macaulay, made a particular impression. Damning quotations from his Minute on Indian Education, which was accepted by the committee, appear in the epigraph to this section and in a footnote in Chapter 2.

55. Duff (1837: App., p. 2).

56. Spear (1965: 127).

57. Crystal (2003: 46). In his summary of world English-speaking populations, Crystal plumps for about 19 per cent of Indians in 2001 (200 million), but 12 per cent of Pakistanis (17 million), 10 per cent of Sri Lankans (1.9 million), and barely 3 per cent of Bangladeshis (3.5 million).

58. Alexander Duff’s words, in another 1837 pamphlet, Vindication of the Church of Scotland’s India Missions, p.