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the Christian faith without ever quailing at the labours or the dangers, with the firm hope and confidence that Almighty God will happily accompany your endeavour …’

3. Harold Macmillan, speech to South African parliament, 3 February 1960.

4. Composed for, and sung in, Robert Altman’s 1975 film Nashville (music by Richard Baskin).

5. Fukuyama (1992).

6. Crystal (2003: 191).

7. As Salman Rushdie, admittedly a major exponent of English himself, believed already in 1981: ‘The debate about the appropriateness of English in post-British India has been raging ever since 1947; but today, I find, it’s a debate which has meaning only for the older generation. The children of independent India seem not to think of English as being irredeemably tainted by its colonial provenance. They use it as an Indian language, as one of the tools they have to hand.’ ‘Commonwealth literature does not exist’, in Imaginary Homelands (London: Granta, 1991).

8. The ‘engco’ model, expounded in Graddol (1997: 26).

9. First-language English speakers in the USA were estimated at 210 million in 1984 (Grimes 2000). Between 1980 and 1990, the US population grew from 226, 542, 203 to 248, 709, 873 (US Census Bureau, 1980 figure revised in 1987; cited in Wright 2000: 264). The quote is from a summary of Bill Emerson’s English Language Empowerment Bill, presented to the US House of Representatives on 4 January 1995, as cited by Crystal (2003: 130). No such provision has yet (as of September 2004) been adopted as law.

10. Bauer (1996: 33-40).

11. Anderson (1991: 133-4).

12. Krauss (2001: 19).

13. Crystal (2003: 191).

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