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Tz’utujil 372

Uganda 105, 508

Ugarit 41, 60n, 62, 71, 128

Ugaritic 70, 71, 73

Uighur 21, 97n, 107, 142

script 106

Ukraine 425, 429, 431-432, 439, 443

Ulpian, Roman lawyer 299

’Umar ibn al-Khattab, Arab critic 94

Umbrian 242

United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie -VOC) 397, 400n, 401-102, 457, 539

United Kingdom, population 153n

United States Magazine 486

Ur 40, 67

Uralian/Uralic area to Russia’s North-East 423, 432

Uralic languages 429

Urartu 31, 33, 41, 43, 46-47, 50, 65

Urdu 12, 178, 223, 497-498, 503, 528-530; see also Hindi

Urfa 87, 247

Uruk 54

US Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 454n

USA

African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 514

American Revolution 486-487

annexation of states 488, 494-495, 509-510

and Australian English 514n

and China 147

demographics 531

economy 379

General American pronunciation 81, 514

Hispanic population 378n

immigration 535

indigenous population 488-490

influence of 514-515

population 153n

and Spanish 378

spread of English 489, 549, 577n9

Uto-Aztecan languages 351

Uwa see Tunebo

Uzbekistan 423n, 437, 443n, 547

Valentijn, François, Dutch writer 401

Valera, Father Blas, Spanish priest in Peru 345, 357-358, 360, 365

Valla, Lorenzo, Italian humanist 27

Valverde, Fray Vicente, Spanish friar 342

Vandals 20, 275, 305, 307, 309, 332n, 400

Vanuatu 508

Varangians see Vikings

Veda 175

Vega, Garcilaso de la, Peruvian writer 342-343, 344-345, 356, 360

Vega, Lope de, Spanish dramatist 344

Venerable Bede, English monk 31n

Veneti 280-281, 290, 309, 423 see also Slavs

Vercingetorix 301

Vergil, Roman poet 253

Vieira, Father Antonio, Portuguese priest 392

Vietnam 46n, 138, 146, 162, 204-205, 207, 529

Portuguese trading posts 387

Union indochinoise 417

Vietnamese 145n, 528

Quôc-ngu (’National Language’, romanized script) 414n

Sino-Vietnamese 162-163

Vikings 312, 425, 426n, 447n, 460

Visigoths 101n, 275, 305-307, 310

Vlach nomads 310

VOC see United East India Company

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), French writer 410

Vulgate bible 294

Wace, Robert 459

Wade-Giles romanization of Chinese 115n

Waiting for the Barbarians (Kavafis) 228

Wales

and Norman invasions 463, 518

plague 313

Welsh 93, 270n, 274, 300, 303, 464, 473n, 517

Walter of Coventry, English writer 463

War and Peace (Tolstoy) 410

Washington, George, US President 498

Wèi dynasty 140 see Tabgach

Wellesley, Richard, British governor-general of Bengal 498

Wends 430n

Wemdly, Georg Henrik, translator of Bible into Malay 402

West Asia 46-49

West India Company (Westindische Compagnie—WIC) 397-398, 493

Whitman, Walt, American poet 474n

Wilberforce, William, British campaigner 501

William the Bastard (the Conqueror), Norman king of England 319, 460

Williams, Roger, British linguist 480-481, 484-485

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, Austrian philosopher 13, 549

Women’s speech 51-53

World Almanac 378

Writing

accounting tallies 154

alphabetic script 63-64, 67

capitals, upper- vs lower-case 316n

cuneiform 11n, 32, 37, 40, 42, 46, 50, 51, 54-55, 57, 61-63, 72n, 512

earliest known 34, 110

hieroglyphs 11n, 34, 113-116, 121, 124-125, 128, 132-133, 154-158, 173

ideographic systems, character of 46n, 54, 154-158

Japanese kana syllabary 116

logograms 37, 62

materials 63, 67, 78, 83, 97, 135n

pictograms 51, 56, 113-116, 132, 135, 156, 157

scribes 67

shorthand symbols 46

syllabary 47, 56, 154, 156

Wu, Chinese empress 151n, 169

Wu Zong, Chinese emperor 120

Wyclif, John, English translator 473

Wyndham, Thomas, English traveller 388

Xerxes, king of Persia 68, 85

Xià dynasty 118

Xibo dialect of Manchu 144

Xiāngnú 106, 139-140, 144, 153, 219

Xuan-Zang, Chinese pilgrim 120, 138n, 159, 193-194, 198, 221

Yaghnobi 108

Yale romanization of Chinese 115n, 497n

Yan kingdom 140

Yi 134, 145n

Yi Jing, Chinese pilgrim