ESSAYS-1 [156]
-- 0.09023 lb. we add that necessary for heating the loaf to the temperature of boiling water, as above determined, -- -- -- 0.07335 lb. -------- this gives the total quantity of fuel necessary for baking one of these loaves of bread,-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.16353 lb.
Now as these loaves, when baked into bread, weighed 2 lbs. 5 1/2 loths = 2 11/64 lbs. each and required, in being baked, the consumption of 0.16353 of a pound of wood, this gives for the expence of fuel in baking bread 0.07532 of a pound of pine-wood to each pound of rye bread; which is about 13 1/4 lbs. of bread to each pound of wood.
But we have seen, from the results of the before-mentioned experiments, that when the bread was baked under circumstances the most favourable to the economy of fuel, no less than 80 lbs. of pine-wood were employed in heating the oven to bake 304 lbs. of bread, which gives less than 4 lbs. of bread to each pound of wood; consequently, TWO THIRDS at least of the heat generated in the combustion of the fuel must, in that case, have been lost; and in all the other experiments the loss of heat appears to have been still much greater.
A considerable loss of heat in baking will always be inevitable; but it seems probable, that this loss might, with proper attention to the construction of the oven, and to the management of the fire, be reduced at least to one half the quantity generated from the fuel in its combustion. In the manner in which the baking business is now generally carried on, much more than three quarters of the heat generated, or which might be generated from the fuel consumed, is lost.
APPENDIX, No VIII.
The following Account of the Persons in the House of Industry in Dublin, the 30th of April 1796, and of the Details of the Manner and Expence of feeding them, was given to the Author, by order of the Governors of that Institution.
Average of the Description of Poor for the Week ending 30th of April 1796. Males. Females. Total. Employed -- -- -- -- 74 352 426 Infirm and Incurable -- 172 585 757 Idiots -- -- -- -- 16 13 29 Blind-- -- -- -- -- 5 10 16 ----- ----- ------ 267 960 1227 In the Infirmary. Sick Patients, Servants, etc. 88 200 } }-- 343 Lunaticks-- -- -- -- 15 40 } ------ Total 1570
Employed at actual labour 322 Persons. Ditto at menial offices 104 ditto ----- Total 426
Amongst the 1570 Persons above mentioned, are 282 Children and 447 compelled Persons.
Of the Children, 205 are taught to spell, read, and write.
Saturday, April 30, 1796.
1227 Persons fed at Breakfast.
120 Servants in New-House, a 8 oz. bread ------ 60 } lbs. loaves lb. value. 336 Incurables, Children, etc. } 186 is 41 1 1/2 L. 1 14 a 6 ditto --------126 } 771 Workers, etc. got Stirabout. ----- 1227
Weight of meal for Stirabout 4 cwt. costs L. 3 1 8
120 Servants in New-House } get 1 quart butter-milk Gal. P.} each 30 0 } 167 gallons of 1084 Workers, Incurables, etc. } butter-milk 1 pint ditto 135 4 } value 1 L. 23 Sucklers get no butter-milk } ----- Allowed for waste -- -- 1 4 } 1227
Brought down, L. 5 15 8 s. d. Fuel to cook the Stirabout, 3 bush. cost 2 3 } } 0 3 0 1/2 Salt for ditto, 1 qr. 3 lb cost-- -- 0 9 1/2 } ------------- The Breakfast cost
Now as these loaves, when baked into bread, weighed 2 lbs. 5 1/2 loths = 2 11/64 lbs. each and required, in being baked, the consumption of 0.16353 of a pound of wood, this gives for the expence of fuel in baking bread 0.07532 of a pound of pine-wood to each pound of rye bread; which is about 13 1/4 lbs. of bread to each pound of wood.
But we have seen, from the results of the before-mentioned experiments, that when the bread was baked under circumstances the most favourable to the economy of fuel, no less than 80 lbs. of pine-wood were employed in heating the oven to bake 304 lbs. of bread, which gives less than 4 lbs. of bread to each pound of wood; consequently, TWO THIRDS at least of the heat generated in the combustion of the fuel must, in that case, have been lost; and in all the other experiments the loss of heat appears to have been still much greater.
A considerable loss of heat in baking will always be inevitable; but it seems probable, that this loss might, with proper attention to the construction of the oven, and to the management of the fire, be reduced at least to one half the quantity generated from the fuel in its combustion. In the manner in which the baking business is now generally carried on, much more than three quarters of the heat generated, or which might be generated from the fuel consumed, is lost.
APPENDIX, No VIII.
The following Account of the Persons in the House of Industry in Dublin, the 30th of April 1796, and of the Details of the Manner and Expence of feeding them, was given to the Author, by order of the Governors of that Institution.
Average of the Description of Poor for the Week ending 30th of April 1796. Males. Females. Total. Employed -- -- -- -- 74 352 426 Infirm and Incurable -- 172 585 757 Idiots -- -- -- -- 16 13 29 Blind-- -- -- -- -- 5 10 16 ----- ----- ------ 267 960 1227 In the Infirmary. Sick Patients, Servants, etc. 88 200 } }-- 343 Lunaticks-- -- -- -- 15 40 } ------ Total 1570
Employed at actual labour 322 Persons. Ditto at menial offices 104 ditto ----- Total 426
Amongst the 1570 Persons above mentioned, are 282 Children and 447 compelled Persons.
Of the Children, 205 are taught to spell, read, and write.
Saturday, April 30, 1796.
1227 Persons fed at Breakfast.
120 Servants in New-House, a 8 oz. bread ------ 60 } lbs. loaves lb. value. 336 Incurables, Children, etc. } 186 is 41 1 1/2 L. 1 14 a 6 ditto --------126 } 771 Workers, etc. got Stirabout. ----- 1227
Weight of meal for Stirabout 4 cwt. costs L. 3 1 8
120 Servants in New-House } get 1 quart butter-milk Gal. P.} each 30 0 } 167 gallons of 1084 Workers, Incurables, etc. } butter-milk 1 pint ditto 135 4 } value 1 L. 23 Sucklers get no butter-milk } ----- Allowed for waste -- -- 1 4 } 1227
Brought down, L. 5 15 8 s. d. Fuel to cook the Stirabout, 3 bush. cost 2 3 } } 0 3 0 1/2 Salt for ditto, 1 qr. 3 lb cost-- -- 0 9 1/2 } ------------- The Breakfast cost