False Economy - Alan Beattie [157]
Details on the single global market in commodities are from C. Knick Harley, "Transportation, the World Wheat Trade, and the Kuznets Cycle, 1850-1913," Explorations in Economic History 17 (1980).
2. Cities
Edward Glaeser's work provided much of the inspiration for this chapter, notably Alberto Ades and Edward Glaeser, "Trade and Circuses: Explaining Urban Giants," Quarterly Journal of Economics 110 (1995); Edward Glaeser and Janet Kohlhase, "Cities, Regions, and the Decline of Transport Costs," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper 2014, 2003; Edward Glaeser and Joshua Gottlieb, "Urban Resurgence and the Consumer City," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper 2109, 2006.
Other classics in the field include Paul Krugman's work on economic geography, such as "The Role of Geography in Development," presented to the World Bank's Annual Conference on Development Economics in 1998, and a paper by J. Bradford DeLong and Andrei Shleifer, "Princes and Merchants: European City Growth Before the Industrial Revolution," Journal of Law and Economics 36 (1993).
Figures on city growth are from the United Nations' State of the World's Cities Report 2006/1, Earthscan, 2006.
The role of London in the English Civil War is described in Conrad Russell, ed., The Origins of the English Civil War, Palgrave Macmillan, 1973; in Thomas Cogswell, Richard Cust, and Peter Lake, Politics, Religion and Popularity in Early Stuart Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2002; and in Peter Ackroyd's wonderful London: The Biography, Chatto & Windus, 2000.
3. Trade
The concept of virtual (or embedded) water, one of the best ideas I have ever come across, was invented by Tony Allan, and is explored in various papers, including "Virtual Water: A Long Term Solution for Water Short Middle Eastern Economies?" Water Issues Group, School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London, 1997. A World Bank report from 2007, "Making the Most of Scarcity," produced by a team led by Julia Bucknall, provides a comprehensive assessment of water management, including virtual water trade in the Middle East and North Africa.
Estimates of national water use and food trade come from A. K. Chapagain and A. Y. Hoekstra, "Water Footprints of Nations," UNESCO-IHE Research Report Series no. 16, 2004; Charlotte de Fraiture et al., "Does International Cereal Trade Save Water?" International Water Management Institute Research Report 4, 2004; and Hassan Hakimian, "Water Scarcity and Food Imports: An Empirical Investigation of the 'Virtual Water' Hypothesis in the MENA Region," Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 1 (2003). Further detail is in the 2006 United Nations Human Development Report "Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis." The analysis of Australia is by John Quiggin: Key Issues in Australian Water Policy, Committee for Economic Development of Australia, 2007.
The explanations of grain production and trade in ancient Egypt and Rome rely on Peter Garnsey and C. R. Whittaker, eds., Trade and Famine in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge Philological Society, 1983; Karl Butzer, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt, University of Chicago Press, 1976; B. G. Trigger et al., Ancient Egypt:A Social History, Cambridge University Press, 1983; and John Baines and Jaromir Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt, Facts on File, 1980.
Details on trade in medieval and early modern Europe are from Norman Gras, Evolution of the English Corn Market from the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century, Harvard University Press, 1915; and two papers by Meir Kohn, "Trading Costs and the Pattern of Trade in Pre-Industrial Europe," Dartmouth College Department of Economics Working Paper 00-06, 2001, and "The Expansion of Trade and the Transformation of Agriculture in Pre-Industrial Europe," Dartmouth College