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False Economy - Alan Beattie [159]

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Press, 1965. The insights about failing industries capturing government policy are from Richard Baldwin and Frederic Robert-Nicoud, "Entry and Asymmetric Lobbying: Why Governments Pick Losers," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 8756, 2002; and Lael Brainard and Thierry Verdier, "The Political Economy of Declining Industries," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 4606, 1993. Calculations on farming winners and losers in trade talks are from Thomas Hertel, Roman Keeney, and Alan Winters, "Why WTO Agricultural Reforms Are Such a Good Idea—but Such a Hard Sell," posted on the VOX-EU blog at http://www.voxeu.org on October 22, 2007.

On the textile trade and mercantilism, see Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, book 4, chap. 2.24, Penguin Classics, 2004; P. J. Thomas, Mercantilism and the East India Trade, P. S. King & Son, 1926; and Pietra Rivoli, Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.

For a superb account of how the Corn Laws were repealed, see Cheryl Schonhardt-Bailey, From the Corn Laws to Free Trade, The MIT Press, 2006.

On the history of sugar and protection, see Sidney Mintz, Sweetness and Power, Viking, 1985; Robert Paul Thomas, "The Sugar Colonies of the Old Empire: Profit or Loss for Great Britain?" Economic History Review 21 (1968); Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, University of North Carolina Press, 1944.

On bananas and United Fruit, see Peter Chapman's robustly political Jungle Capitalists, Canongate, 2007; and Steve Striffler and Mark Moberg, Banana Wars, Duke University Press, 2003.

7. Trade Routes and Supply Chains


The story about the Liberian graffiti was recounted to the author by the redoubtable Mark Huband, formerly of the Financial Times. The helpful explanation of why Africa doesn't grow cocaine came from an interview with Antonio Mazzitelli, of the West Africa regional office of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, on June 11, 2008.

On the East India Company and the spice trade, see Desiree Marie Baumann, The English East India Company in British Colonial History, Die Blaue Eule, 2007; Giles Milton, Nathaniel's Nutmeg, Penguin, 2000; and Henry Wise, Analysis of One Hundred Voyages to and from India, China &c, J. W. Norie and W. H. Allen, 1839.

On the shipping container, see the classic by Marc Levinson, The Box, Princeton University Press, 2006.

On G. E Swift and the beef trade, see Gary Fields, Territories of Profit, Stanford University Press, 2003.

On Keralan fisherfolk and mobile phones, see Robert Jensen, "The Digital Provide," Quarterly Journal of Economics 122 (2007).

On Eisenhower and highways, see Henry Moon, The Interstate Highway System, Association of American Geographers, 1995.

For the impact of empire on infrastructure and trade, see Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson, "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development," American Economic Review 91 (2001); Kris James Mitchener and Marc Weidenmier, "Trade and Empire," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 13,765,2008; Jeffrey Sachs, Common Wealth, Penguin, 2008. For the geographical origins of African underdevelopment, see Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, W. W Norton, 1999.

Much of the information on the costs of distance and poor logistics comes from a large body of work conducted under the auspices of the Doing Business project at the World Bank, notably Simeon Djankov, Caroline Freund, and Cong Pham, "Trading on Time," World Bank Working Paper 3909, 2006; Jean-Francois Arvis, Gael Ra-balland, and Jean-Francois Marteau, "The Cost of Being Landlocked," World Bank Working Paper 4258, 2007. See also Jorge Balat, Irene Brambilla, and Guido Porto, "Realizing the Gains from Trade: Export Crops, Marketing Costs, and Poverty," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 13,395, 2007; Anne-Celia Dis-dier and Keith Head, "The Puzzling Persistence of the Distance Effect in Bilateral Trade," Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano Working Paper 186, 2004.

8. Corruption


The biblical quotation on corruption is from Exodus 23:8, American

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