FDR - Jean Edward Smith [428]
19. FDR to Livingston Davis, April 28, 1917, FDRL. Also see FDR to Daniels, February 25, 1921, in Carroll Kilpatrick, Roosevelt and Daniels: A Friendship in Politics 72–74 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952). The head of the French mission was former premier René Viviani, but it was Marshal Joffre who attracted the most attention.
20. Love, History of the U.S. Navy 498–500.
21. James Roosevelt and Sidney Shalett, Affectionately, F.D.R. 79–80 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959); Roosevelt Family Papers, FDRL.
22. Quoted in Lindley, Franklin D. Roosevelt 160–161. “Certainly my own interest in the project was due to [Roosevelt’s] enthusiasm and encouragement,” said Harris.
23. Josephus Daniels, The Wilson Era: Years of War and After 83 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946).
24. Wilson vented his displeasure to officers in the ward room of the Pennsylvania on August 11, 1917. “Every time we have suggested anything to the British Admiralty the reply has come back that it had never been done that way, and I felt like saying, ‘Well nothing was ever done so systematically as nothing is being done now.’ ” Quoted in Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny 474.
25. FDR, Memorandum on Submarine Situation, 1917, FDRL.
26. The mines were laid by eight specially equipped vessels built with three decks to hold the mines and modified railroad tracks so that as the ships traveled at full speed the mines could be put on the rails and dropped at twelve-second intervals. Each mine contained 300 pounds of TNT and was fitted with an anchor and a buoy that deployed automatically when it hit the water. The mines were set at 300-foot intervals in three tiers, the first at 45 feet, the second at 160 feet, and the third at 240 feet. The barrier was many miles wide, requiring several hours for a submarine to traverse it. Lindley, Franklin D. Roosevelt 158–159. Also see Morison, Admiral Sims 414–417.
27. Lindley, Franklin D. Roosevelt 158–159.
28. Sims, Victory at Sea 308.
29. Michael R. Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt: An Uneasy Alliance 45–46 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980).
30. FDR to John J. Fitzgerald, September 3, 1915; Fitzgerald to FDR, September 8, 1915, FDRL.
31. Frank Freidel, interview with John J. Fitzgerald, June 17, 1948, FDRL.
32. Quoted in Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography 193 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985).
33. New York Tribune, February 11, 1918. For a contemporaneous report of the celebration, see The New York Times, July 5, 1917.
34. James J. Walker to FDR, November 30, 1917, FDRL.
35. New York Tribune, May 28, 1918.
36. FDR to Fred J. Sisson, May 7, 1918. The letter contains the notation “unsent.” FDRL.
37. The Cabinet Diaries of Josephus Daniels, June 18, 1918, E. David Cronon, ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963).
38. FDR to Wilson, July 8, 1918. Also see FDR to John Mack, June 18, 1918, FDRL.
39. With more than 2 million votes cast in the 1918 gubernatorial election, Smith defeated Whitman by fewer than 15,000 votes. Smith received 1,009,936 to Whitman’s 995,094. Charles W. Ervin, running on the Socialist ticket, received 121,705.
40. Quoted in Lindley, Franklin D. Roosevelt 165. “I feel confident that you would bring to the governorship not only an unsurpassed knowledge of the administration of State affairs, but a single-minded purpose to carry on these affairs for the liberal and progressive good of the State as a whole.” FDR to Al Smith, November 5, 1918. FDRL.
41. Eleanor’s role as a Red Cross volunteer during World War I is described by Joseph P. Lash in Eleanor and Franklin 208–219 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971) and in ER’s This Is My Story 250–263 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937).
42. ER to SDR, January 14, 1918; January 16, 1918, FDRL.
43. ER to SDR, May 12, 1918.
44. Maurice Low, Woodrow Wilson: An