FDR - Jean Edward Smith [434]
John Maynard Keynes, who worked closely with Wilson and Lloyd George in Paris, decided the president was essentially a Nonconformist minister. “His thought and temperament essentially theological, not intellectual.” J. M. Keynes, “When the Big Four Met,” The New Republic, December 24, 1919. Arthur S. Link, Wilson: The Road to the White House 62–63 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1947).
13. Margaret MacMillan, Paris, 1919 54 (New York: Random House, 2001).
14. “The return of a Republican majority to either House of Congress,” said Wilson, “would certainly be interpreted on the other side of the water as a repudiation of my leadership.” Quoted in Joseph P. Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson as I Knew Him 331 (New York: Doubleday & Page, 1921), with a facsimile of the statement as typed by Wilson.
15. The Republicans gained 30 seats in the House and 7 in the Senate. As a result, they controlled the Sixty-sixth Congress, 240–190 in the House and 49–47 in the Senate.
16. In June 1915 Lodge delivered a commencement address at Union College endorsing a league of nations. See The New York Times, June 9, 1915. Later, on May 27, 1916, he told the League to Enforce Peace that George Washington’s warning against entangling alliances was never meant to exclude the United States from joining other nations in “a method … to diminish war and encourage peace.” Quoted in Samuel Eliot Morison, Oxford History of the American People 881 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965).
17. In 1915 Taft, Root, and Harvard president A. Lawrence Lowell organized the League to Enforce Peace. In May 1918 Taft, Lowell, and Hughes addressed the Win-the-War for Permanent Peace Convention in Philadelphia and spoke positively about a league of nations. Ibid. Also see The New York Times, November 11, 1917.
18. Colonel House likened the discussions in Paris to a meeting of the board of Aldermen in his home town of Austin, Texas. “There are the same jealousies, rivalries, and personal problems to be adjusted, and if you lost sight of the bigger issue at Paris I could almost think I was back in Austin debating which street should be paved first.” Quoted in Josephus Daniels, The Wilson Era: Years of War and After 533 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946).
19. Francesco Nitti, Rivelazioni: dramatis personae 95 (Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiani, 1948).
20. Geoffrey C. Ward, A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt 424 (New York: Harper & Row, 1989).
21. Letter, Nigel Law to Jonathan Daniels, quoted in Washington Quadrille: The Dance Beside the Documents 155 (New York: Doubleday, 1968).
22. ER to SDR, January 14, 1919, 2 Roosevelt Letters 361.
23. The term of the lame-duck Sixty-fifth Congress expired on March 3, 1919. The Republican-controlled Sixty-sixth Congress would not convene until May 19, 1919.
24. Robert Cecil, A Great Experiment: An Autobiography 59 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941). The final draft of the covenant of the League of Nations, including textual recognition of the Monroe Doctrine, was approved by the peace conference on April 28, 1919.
25. Eleanor Roosevelt, This Is My Story 289–290 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937).
26. Ibid.
27. Quoted in Arthur Krock, Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line 156 (New York: Funk and Wagnall’s, 1968). Also see Josephus Daniels, The Wilson Era: Years of War and After 256 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946); Ray Stannard Baker, American Chronicle 470 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1946). This was one episode FDR did not have to embellish. According to a contemporaneous