FDR - Jean Edward Smith [451]
38. The Horseman of Destruction, said Roosevelt, was “the embodiment of governmental policies so unsound, so inimical to true progress that it left behind in its trail economic paralysis, industrial chaos, poverty and suffering.” The Horseman of Delay reflected the Republicans’ do-nothing attitude. “When they say ‘don’t change horses while crossing the stream,’ what they mean is ‘don’t run the risk of crossing the stream at all.’ ” The Horseman of Deceit intended “to cover the trail of the Horsemen of Destruction and Delay.” “Bringing up the rear is the Horseman of Despair. He tells you economic conditions must work themselves out. He tries to close the door of hope in your face.” For full text, see 1 Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt 831–842.
39. For a firsthand description of Hoover’s hostile reception in Detroit, see Thomas L. Stokes, Chip off My Shoulder 304–305 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1940).
40. Clapper’s forty-minute interview with Hoover was on February 27, 1931. Olive E. Clapper, Washington Tapestry 3–4 (New York: Whittlesey House, 1946).
41. Hoover, 3 Memoirs 195.
42. The New York Times, November 1, 1932. For complete text, see 2 State Papers of Herbert Hoover 408–428. The quotation is at page 418.
43. The New York Times, November 6, 1932; New York Herald Tribune, November 6, 1932. For the complete text of Hoover’s speech, see 2 State Papers 449–466.
44. E. W. Starling, Starling of the White House 300 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1946).
45. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 87.
46. Socialist candidate Norman Thomas received 883,990 votes and the Communist William Z. Foster 102,221. A sprinkling of ten other candidates, including Prohibitionist William David Upshaw and the Liberty Party’s William Hope Harvey, received a total of 128,758. Roosevelt’s overall percentage was 57.42 to Hoover’s 39.64. Congressional Quarterly’s Guide to U.S. Elections 289, 304–305 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1975).
47. The New York Times, November 9, 1932.
48. Lela Stiles, The Man Behind Roosevelt: The Story of Louis McHenry Howe 216 (Cleveland: World, 1954); Farley, Behind the Ballots 186.
49. Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember 74–75 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949).
50. Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years 506–507 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960).
51. Rexford Tugwell, “Notes from a New Deal Diary,” December 24, 1932, FDRL.
52. Edmund Wilson, “Hull House in 1933: III,” The New Republic 320 (February 1, 1933).
53. 113 Literary Digest 6 (November 12, 1932).
54. Avis Carlson, “Deflating the Schools,” 167 Harper’s 705–715 (1933).
55. 113 Literary Digest 10 (May 7, 1932).
56. The New York Times, January 22, 1933; The Denver Post, February 12, 1933; A. William Hoglund, “Wisconsin Dairy Farmers on Strike,” 35 Agricultural History 24–34 (1961). Also see Theodore Saloutos and John D. Hicks, Agricultural Discontent in the Middle West: 1900–1939 435–448 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1951).
57. Hoover to FDR, February 17, 1933, in W. S. Myers and W. H. Newton, The Hoover Administration: A Documented Narrative 338–341 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936).
58. Hoover to D. A. Reed, February 20, 1933, ibid. 351.
59. FDR to Hoover, March 1, 1933, ibid. 344–345.
60. Nathan Miller, FDR: An Intimate History 292 (New York: Doubleday, 1983).
61. Stimson, MS diary, January 9, 1933. Also see Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service 292–293.
62. Tugwell, MS diary, January 17 [?], 1933, FDRL.
63. Raymond Moley, After Seven Years 95 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939).
64. Quoted in Ted Morgan, FDR: A Biography 371 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985). Hull was initially reluctant to take the post because