FDR - Jean Edward Smith [468]
11. Ibid. 96.
12. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 313 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Dies for all Chevrolet products were at Fisher Body Plant 2 in Cleveland, but a week after the strike began in Flint, the factory in Cleveland was also shut down by workers.
13. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 321–322 (New York: Viking Press, 1946).
14. Quoted in Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933–1941 541 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970).
15. Timmons, Garner of Texas 216.
16. Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 323.
17. Ibid. 324.
18. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 303.
19. In NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, 306 U.S. 240 (1939), the Supreme Court ruled the sit-down strike “a high-handed proceeding without a shadow of a legal right.”
20. 9 Complete Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt 467 (New York: Da Capo, 1972).
21. Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography 327 (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times, 1977).
22. Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom 429 (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003).
23. Nathan Miller, FDR: An Intimate History 407 (New York: Doubleday, 1983).
24. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt 224.
25. Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt 429.
26. “The Morgenthau Diaries,” 120 Collier’s 82 (September 27, 1947). Also see John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928–1938 387–388 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959).
27. Harold L. Ickes, 2 Secret Diary 240 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954).
28. Farley, Jim Farley’s Story 101.
29. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries 415.
30. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox 336 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1956).
31. Time, May 16, 1938.
32. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries 421.
33. David Robertson, Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes 284 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994).
34. Congressional Record 311 (January 11, 1938).
35. For the grisly details of the lynching of Claude Neal in Marianna, October 26, 1934, see Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln 108. Professor Weiss quotes at length from the extensive NAACP investigation.
36. Blanche Wiesen Cook provides a useful summary of the Wagner bill in 2 Eleanor Roosevelt 178 (New York: Viking, 1999).
37. Gallup Poll, January 31, 1937, in George H. Gallup, 1 The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971 48 (New York: Random House, 1972).
38. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White 169–170 (New York: Viking, 1948).
39. “You’ll have to give me about twenty-four hours,” Roosevelt said, “because I will have to check up and see what I did last year. I have forgotten.” 4 Complete Press Conferences 155–156.
40. “Care to comment on the anti-lynching bill?” FDR was asked. “No.” he replied. April 24, 1935, 5 ibid. 243.
41. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin 516–517 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971).
42. Cook, 2 Eleanor Roosevelt 247.
43. 11 Complete Press Conferences 88.
44. Quoted in Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln 245.
45. It was the Supreme Court, in Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944), that overturned the white primary. The Justice Department did not file a brief as amicus curiae or give any encouragement to the appellants. The poll tax was abolished by adoption of the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964.
46. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln 256.
47. Nancy Weiss, interview with Pauli Murray, ibid.
48. Chicago Defender, January 30, 1943, ibid. 260.
49. Afro-American, April 15, 1939.
50. Remarks of Marian Anderson, January 6, 1943, quoted in Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln 264. The segregation of the era prevented Ms. Anderson from registering at a Washington hotel. She and her mother were accommodated by Mrs. Gifford Pinchot, who hosted them at her Massachusetts Avenue town house. Olive Ewing Clapper, Washington Tapestry 210–212 (New York: Whittlesey House, 1946).
51. Ickes, 1 Secret Diaries 285. Cf. Farley, Behind the Ballots 353–355.
52. Quoted in Miller, FDR: An Intimate History 361.