FDR - Jean Edward Smith [478]
28. Farley, Jim Farley’s Story 302.
29. The New York Times, July 19, 1940. Time reported that of Wallace’s 627 votes, not more than 50 were personal votes for the secretary. Time, July 29, 1940.
30. Quoted in Peters, Five Days 150.
31. Ickes, 3 Secret Diaries 265.
32. Hadley Cantril, “America Faces War: A Study in Public Opinion,” 4 Public Opinion Quarterly 387–407 (September 1940).
33. As a member of the Senate, Wadsworth had been co-author of the 1920 National Defense Act.
34. Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson 480 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960).
35. The New York Times, August 6, 1940.
36. Ibid., June 20, 1940.
37. “A conscript army is needed only if we are going to send an expeditionary force to conquer Europe or Asia,” said Fosdick. “The well-justified suspicion will not down, that behind this hectic haste to force conscription on us is the policy of belligerent interventionists.” Radio address, August 7, 1940. Quoted in William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason, 2 The Challenge of Isolation 682 (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1970; reprint).
38. Time, August 12, 1940, quoted in William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 308n (New York: Harper & Row, 1963).
39. Quoted in ibid. Senator Wheeler’s remarks were in a radio address on August 15, 1940.
40. Quoted in Davis, FDR: Into the Storm 564.
41. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War 346 (New York: Harper & Brothers).
42. Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Ordeal and Hope 60 (New York: Viking Press, 1966).
43. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971 226 (New York: Random House, 1972).
44. July 29, 1940. 9 Public Papers and Addresses 313–314. Congress passed the requested legislation on August 27, 1940, and FDR initiated the Guard call-up on August 31 (Executive Order 8530). Guard members were limited to twelve months’ active duty and could be deployed only in the Western Hemisphere.
45. 666th Press Conference, August 2, 1940, ibid. 321.
46. Ellsworth Barnard, Wendell Willkie: Fighter for Freedom 204–205 (Marquette: Northern Michigan University Press, 1966).
47. Steve Neal, Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie 139 (New York: Doubleday, 1984).
48. Ed Cray, General of the Army: George C. Marshall 172 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990).
49. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical History of the United States 736 (Stamford, Conn.: Fairfield Publishers, 1965).
50. WSC to FDR, June 11, 1940; June 13, 1940; June 15, 1940. Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence 98–100, 104–106 (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1975).
51. WSC to FDR, June 15, 1940, ibid. 105–106. After reading Churchill’s message, Henry Morgenthau told FDR that “unless we do something to give the English additional destroyers, it seems to me it is absolutely hopeless to expect them to keep going.” Ibid. 106.
52. George VI to FDR, June 26, 1940, quoted in John W. Wheeler-Bennett, King George VI: His Life and Reign 511 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1958). For a useful summary of David Windsor (Edward VIII)’s flirtation with Nazism, see Joseph E. Persico, Roosevelt’s Secret War 70–76 (New York: Random House, 2001).
53. Langer and Gleason, 2 Challenge to Isolation 745.
54. Section 3 of the act of June 15, 1917 (40 Stat. 217, 222) provides, “During a war in which the United States is a neutral nation, it shall be unlawful to send out of the jurisdiction of the United States any vessel, built, armed, or equipped as a vessel of war, or converted from a private vessel into a vessel of war, with any intent or under any agreement or contract, written or oral, that such vessel shall be delivered to a belligerent nation, or to an agent, officer, or citizen of such nation, or with reasonable cause to believe that the said vessel shall or will be employed in the service of any such belligerent nation after its departure from the jurisdiction of the United States.”
55. “I told Ben very frankly, as Tom Corcoran already had, that