FDR - Jean Edward Smith [489]
118. Richard Ketcham, “Yesterday, December 7, 1941,” American Heritage 54 (November, 1989).
119. Grace Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss 255 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949).
120. Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 431 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948).
121. ER, interview with Professor Henry Graff, FDRL, quoted in Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Life 289 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994).
122. Winston S. Churchill, The Grand Alliance 605 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951).
123. Ibid. 608–609.
124. Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss 256. Hopkins’s sentence ran, “With confidence in our armed forces—with the unbounded determination of our people—we will gain the inevitable triumph—so help us God.” (“The most platitudinous in the speech,” according to Hopkins’s biographer Robert Sherwood. Roosevelt and Hopkins 436.)
125. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 436–438.
126. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 381 (New York: Harper & Row, 1946).
127. Ickes, 3 Secret Diaries 662.
128. Frances Perkins interview, Columbia Oral History Project.
129. The congressional delegation was composed of Senate majority leader Alben Barkley and his Republican opposite, Charles McNary; Tom Connally of Texas, chairman of Foreign Relations; Warren Austin of Vermont, the ranking member of Military Affairs; and Hiram Johnson of California. From the House, Speaker Sam Rayburn, Minority Leader Joe Martin, and Majority Leader John McCormack, plus Sol Bloom of New York and Charles Eaton of New Jersey, the chairman and second-ranking member of Foreign Affairs.
130. Stimson diary (MS), December 7, 1941.
131. American Heritage 86, November 1989.
132. Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority 206 (New York: Doubleday, 1948).
133. Quoted in Prange, At Dawn We Slept 559.
134. Alexander Kendrick, Prime Time: The Life of Edward R. Murrow 239–240 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965). That night Murrow paced his hotel room. “It’s the biggest story of my life,” he told his wife, Janet, “and I can’t make up my mind whether it’s my duty to tell it, or to forget it.” (FDR had not said “off the record.”) In the end, Murrow decided Roosevelt had been using him as a sounding board, thinking out loud, in full confidence. Though technically not bound to confidentiality, Murrow felt that in conscience he could not report the details of his meeting with the president.
135. FDR to Congress, December 8, 1941, 10 Public Papers and Addresses 514–515.
TWENTY-FOUR | Commander in Chief
The epigraph is from Secretary Stimson’s diary entry of December 7, 1941, Stimson Papers, Yale University.
1. Quoted in Hiroyuki Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy 282 (Tokyo: Shincho Sha, 1966).
2. FDR, Fireside Address, December 9, 1941, 10 Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt 522–530, Samuel I. Rosenman, ed. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950).
3. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 527 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); Williamson Murray and Allan R. Millett, A War to Be Won 180–188 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000).
4. Quoted in John Keegan, The Second World War 240 (New York: Viking, 1989).
5. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 566.
6. FDR, Message to Congress, December 11, 1941, 10 Public Papers and Addresses 522.
7. WSC to King George VI, December 8, 1941, 3 Churchill War Papers, 1941 1585, Martin Gilbert, ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993).
8. Roosevelt’s remarks are in two cables drafted but not sent on December 10, 1941. Their contents were conveyed to Churchill in a subsequent telephone conversation that day. For texts, see Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence 285–286, Warren F. Kimball, ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984).
Separately, Lord Halifax, Britain’s ambassador in Washington, told Churchill, “He [Roosevelt] was not sure if your coming here might not be rather too strong medicine in the immediate future for some of his public opinion