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the blood flow into them. My knuckles go white, the skin actually cools, then, after a minute’s squeeze, I release. The blood rushes in, a red tide pinkening my palms. The seams darken, the twin ridges of yellowy callus blush. Last, I feel tingling, circulation returning to my fingers. The blood echoes my heartbeat, each finger drumming from within.

REFERENCES

GENERAL

The following sources are used repeatedly through the book. References for individual chapters are listed below.

Blood: Art, Power, Politics, and Pathology. Edited by James Bradburne. Munich, London, and New York: Prestel Verlag, 2001.

Bulfinch, Thomas. Bulfinch’s Mythology. New York: Modern Library, 1998.

Encarta Encyclopedia. Standard Edition. Microsoft: 2002.

Friedman, Meyer, and Gerald W. Friedland. Medicine’s 10 Greatest Discoveries. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998.

Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths: Volumes 1 and 2. Revised Edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1960.

Miller, Jonathan. The Body in Question. New York: Random House, 1978.

Nuland, Sherwin B. The Wisdom of the Body. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.

Starr, Douglas. Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce. New York: Quill/HarperCollins Publishers, 2000.

Wintrobe, Maxwell M. Blood, Pure and Eloquent. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1980.

———. Hematology: The Blossoming of a Science. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985.

Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology. Tenth Edition. Edited by G. Richard Lee, M. D., et al. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

ONE

Aristotle. Parts of Animals (De Partibus Animalium). Translated by A. L. Peck. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1955.

Encyclopedia Mythica Web site. September 2001 and May 2002. www.pantheon.org.

Gods and Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus. Translated by Michael Simpson. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1976.

Hornik, Susan. “For Some, Pain Is Orange.” Smithsonian (February 2001): 48–56.

TWO

Brain, Peter. Galen on Bloodletting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Cozzo, Rosemary. Interview with author. San Francisco, Calif., April 19, 2002.

Davis, Audrey, and Toby Appel. Bloodletting Instruments in the National Museum of History and Technology. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.

Doby, Tibor. Discoverers of Blood Circulation: From Aristotle to the Times of Da Vinci and Harvey. New York: Abelard-Schuman Ltd., 1963.

Hall, Marshall. Researches Principally Relative to the Morbid and Curative Effects of Loss of Blood. Philadelphia: E. L. Carey and A. Hart, Publishers, 1830.

Mathé, Jean. Leonardo Da Vinci: Anatomical Drawings. New York: Crown Publishers, 1978.

Morens, David M. “Death of a President.” New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 24 (December 9, 1999): 1845–1849.

Morgan, John. “Was Washington’s Death Malpractice?” USA Today on the Web, February 22, 2000, and May 31, 2002. www.usatoday.com.

Siegel, Rudolph E. “Galen’s Concept of Bloodletting in Relation to His Ideas on Pulmonary and Peripheral Blood Flow and Blood Formation.” Science, Medicine and Society in the Renaissance: Essays to Honor Walter Pagel. Volume One. Edited by Allen G. Debus. New York: Science History Publications, 1972.

THREE

Amber, R. B., and A. M. Babey-Brooke. The Pulse in Occident and Orient. New York: Santa Barbara Press, 1966.

Broadbent, William Henry. The Pulse. Oceanside, N.Y.: Dabor Science Publications, 1977. Reprint of the 1890 edition published by Cassell & Company, Ltd., London.

Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen (The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine). New Edition. Translated by Ilza Veith. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.

The Life of Sir William Broadbent. Edited by M. E. Broadbent. London: John Murray, 1909.

McCloud, Scott. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. Northampton, Mass.: Kitchen Sink Press, 1993.

Naqvi, N. H., and M. D. Blaufox. Blood Pressure Measurement: An Illustrated History. New York: Parthenon Publishing Group, 1998.

Nuland, Sherwin B. The Mysteries Within: A Surgeon Reflects on Medical Myths. New York: Simon