Forgotten Wars_ Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia - Christopher Bayly [355]
110. MSS/PIJ, 30 June 1947.
111. We have drawn here on A. J. Stockwell, ‘The formation and first years of the United Malays National Organization (U.M.N.O.), 1946–1948’, Modern Asian Studies, 11, 4 (1977), pp. 481–513.
112. MSS/PIJ, 15 May 1947.
113. Ariffin Omar, Bangsa Melayu: Malay concepts of democracy and community, 1945–50 (Kuala Lumpur, 1993), pp. 106–10; Tan Liok Eee, ‘The rhetoric of bangsa and minzu: community and nation in tension, the Malay peninsula, 1900–1955’, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, Working Paper no. 52, 1988, pp. 18–20.
114. K. J. Ratnam, Communalism and the political process in Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, 1965), pp. 75–84.
115. ‘Malayan policy’, Cabinet memorandum, 28 June 1947, in Stockwell, British documents: Malaya, part I, pp. 352–8.
116. See M. R. Stenson, ‘The Malayan Union and the historians’, Journal of Southeast Asian History, 10, 2 (1969), pp. 344–54, and Wong Lin Ken, ‘The Malayan Union: a historical retrospect’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 13, 1 (1982), 184–91. For a full discussion see Albert Lau, The Malayan Union controversy, 1942–48 (London, 1991).
117. For the origins of AMCJA, Yeo Kim Wah, ‘The anti-Federation movement in Malaya, 1946–48’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 4, 1 (1973), pp. 31–51.
118. Malaya Tribune, 21 December 1947. This was the reasoning of Ahmad Boestamam, Carving the path to the summit, pp. 98–9.
119. Quoted in Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore separation, p. 41; Hussain, Malay nationalism before Umno, p. 365.
120. Tan Cheng Lock to representative Chinese leaders throughout Malaya, 9 July 1946, SCA/161/46, SNA.
121. See K. G. Tregonning, ‘Tan Cheng Lock: a Malayan nationalist’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 10, 1 (1979), pp. 25–76; for his thought, we have drawn on his daughter’s memoir: Alice Scott-Ross, Tun Dato Sir Cheng Lock Tan: a personal profile (Singapore, 1990).
122. ‘Public meeting under the auspices of the Pan-Malayan Council of Joint Action: Speech at Kuala Lumpur on 23 December 1946’, in Tan Cheng Lock, Malayan problems from a Chinese point of view (Singapore, 1947), p. 134.
123. Hussain, Malay nationalism before Umno, pp. 333–4.
124. ‘The hartal of 20 October 1947’, supplement to MSS/PIJ, 31 October 1947.
125. Wu Tian Wang in the MCP Review, of June 1948, quoted in Sopiee, From Malayan Union to Singapore separation, p. 47. Chin Peng in his memoirs suggests that it was ‘not exactly a communist front but… firmly under our influence’, My side of history, p. 199, but on other occasions he has suggested that control was weak; personal communication, June, 1998.
126. Hussain, Malay nationalism before Umno, pp. 341–7.
127. Quoted and discussed in Ariffin Omar, Bangsa Melayu, pp. 115–16; Boestamam, Carving the path to the summit, p. 110.
128. For this, see the seminal essays by Tan Liok Eee, ‘The rhetoric of bangsa and minzi’, and Muhammad Ikmal Said, ‘Ethnic perspectives on the left in Malaysia’, in Joel Kahn and Francis Loh Kok Wah (eds.), Fragmented vision: culture and politics in contemporary Malaysia (Sydney, 1992), pp. 254–81.
129. Malayan Democratic Union, ‘Memorandum on counter-proposals for future constitution, for consideration of PMCJA’ (signed by John Eber), SP13/A/5, Tan Cheng Lock Papers ANM. The People’s Constitutional Proposals for Malaya 1947 drafted by PUTERA–AMCJA (Pusat Kajian Bahan Serjarah Kontemporari Tempatan, Kajang, 2005), quotes on p. 35 and p. 100.
130. O. H. Morris, minute, 13 November 1947, reprinted in The People’s Constitutional Proposals for Malaya 1947, pp. i–ii.
131. Hoalim, The Malayan Democratic Union, pp. 18–20.
132. Yeo, ‘The anti-Federation movement’, pp. 43–5.
133. Tregonning, ‘Tan Cheng Lock’, pp. 54–5.
134. Boestamam, Carving the path to the summit, p. 110.
135. ‘Minutes of the Third Delegates Conference of the PUTERA and AMCJA held at Kuala Lumpur at the premises of the New Democratic Youth League, Selangor Branch, at 7 Foch Avenue (3rd Floor) at 11 am on Monday November 3rd 1947’, Tan Cheng Lock Papers, SP13/A/7, ANM.
136. ‘The