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16. Answer in Nehru’s Press Conference, 6 March 1949, ibid., p. 400.

17. Nehru to M. A. Rauf, 15 April 1949, ibid., pp 417–18.

18. Ibid. and fn.

19. Government of the Union of Burma, Burma and the insurrections (Rangoon, September 1949), p. 31.

20. Richard Butwell, U Nu of Burma (Stanford, 1963), p. 105.

21. Nehru to Commonwealth Relations Office, 21 February 1949, ‘Common-wealth Conference on Burma’, FO371/75686, TNA.

22. William C. Johnstone, Burma’s foreign policy: a study in neutralism (Cambridge, MA, 1963), pp. 59–60.

23. Uma Shankar Singh, Burma, 1948–1962 (Bombay, 1979), p. 57.

24. Nehru to M. A. Rauf, 15 April 1949, Gopal, Selected works of Nehru, X, p. 417.

25. Transcription of a speech to AFPFL conference by U Nu, 24 September 1955, enclosure in Rangoon to London, 12 October 1955, ‘Corruption in the Burma civil service, etc.’, FO371/117030, TNA.

26. Balwant Singh, Independence and democracy in Burma, 1945–52 (Ann Arbor, 1993), p. 106.

27. Ibid., p. 109.

28. Furnivall to Dunn, 14 August 1949, Furnivall Papers, PP/MS 23, vol. I, SOAS.

29. Furnivall to Dunn, 5 September 1949, ibid.

30. Ken Sutton, ‘A Guardman’s tale’, www.nmbava.co.uk/a–guardsmans%20man%20tale.hml; Kumar Ramakrishna, Emergency propaganda: the winning of Malayan hearts and minds, 1948–1958 (Richmond, 2002), p. 235.

31. The Times, 12 August 1953.

32. George Edinger, The twain shall meet (New York, 1960), p. 40.

33. Leslie Thomas, In my wildest dreams (London, 1984), p. 183.

34. Leslie Thomas, The virgin soldiers (London, 1967), pp. 13.

35. Ibid., p. 15.

36. J. N. McHugh, A handbook of spoken ‘bazaar’ Malay (Singapore, 1956 [1945]), p. 7.

37. J. P. Cross and Buddhiman Gurung, Gurkhas at war in their own words: the Gurkha experience, 1939 to the present (London, 2002), pp. 221–2.

38. Alan Sillitoe, Life without armour (London, 1995), p. 118.

39. Che Abdul Khalid, ‘Joget Modern in Kuala Lumpur’, 21 May 1952; minute, 2 June 1952, DCL Selangor/115/52, ANM.

40. Virginia Matheson Hooker, Writing a new society: social change through the novel in Malay (St Leonard’s, NSW, 2000), pp. 153–9.

41. H. B. M. Murphy, ‘The mental health of Singapore: part one – suicide’, Medical Journal of Malaya, 9, 1 (1954), p. 21.

42. Quoted in Cross and Buddhiman Gurung, Gurkhas at war, p. 186.

43. John Coates, Suppressing insurgency: an analysis of the Malayan Emergency, 1948–54 (Boulder, 1992), p. 62.

44. John Branchley, ‘The ambush of 4 Troop, A Squadron, 4th Hussars’, www.nmbva.c.uk/The%20ambush.htm.

45. This was mistranslated at the time as the Malayan Races Liberation Army. C. C. Chin and Karl Hack (eds.), Dialogues with Chin Peng: new light on the Malayan Communist Party (Singapore, 2004), p. 149.

46. ‘Translation of a printed MCP booklet entitled “Present day situation and duties”’, 1 November 1949, FO371/84481, TNA; Chin Peng, My side of history (Singapore, 2004), pp. 243–4, 253.

47. Federation of Malaya CID Intelligence Report, August–September 1952, appendix A: ‘MCP Auxiliary Organisation’, CO1022/187, TNA.

48. ‘Statement of ‘Liew Tian Choy’, 4 October 1949, B. P. Walker Taylor Papers, RHO.

49. Review of Chinese Affairs, May 1952, CO1022/151, TNA. Discussed in T. N. Harper, The end of empire and the making of Malaya (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 159–60.

50. P. B. Humphrey, ‘Some further items of psychological warfare intelligence as obtained from surrendered Communist terrorists in Malaya: I. Overt reasons’, 26 November 1953, WO291/1777, TNA.

51. P. B. Humphrey, ‘A preliminary study of entry behaviour among Chinese Communist terrorists in Malaya’, June 1953, WO291/1764, TNA.

52. Lucian W. Pye, Guerrilla communism in Malaya: its social and political meaning (Princeton, 1956), esp. pp. 133–90.

53. Huang Xue Ying, oral testimony in Agnes Khoo, Life as the river flows: women in the Malayan anti-colonial struggle (Petaling Jaya, 2004), p. 186. See also the discussion in Richard Stubbs, Hearts and minds in guerrilla warfare: the Malayan Emergency, 1948–1960 (Singapore, 1989), pp. 88–90.