Free Radicals - Michael Brooks [137]
p. 219 a direct consequence of Sagan’s scientific studies: R. Turco et al., ‘Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of Multiple Nuclear Explosions’, Science, vol. 23, p. 1283 (1983).
p. 219 He applied this understanding to the scenario of all-out nuclear war: C. Sagan, ‘Nuclear Winter’, available at http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/sagan_nuclear_winter.html
p. 220 denied membership of the US National Academy of Sciences: G. Benford, ‘A Tribute to Carl Sagan: Popular & Pilloried’, Skeptic, vol. 13, no. 2, available at http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/popular-and-pilloried/
p. 220 Sagan was ‘a nobody’ who ‘never did anything worthwhile.’: K. Davidson, Carl Sagan: A Biography (Wiley, 1999), p. 380.
p. 221 Michael Shermer took it upon himself: M. Shermer, ‘The Measure of a Life’, Skeptic, vol. 7, no. 4, available at http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/the-measure-of-a-life/
p. 221 Once released, CFCs are stable in the atmosphere: The discussion of ozone and CFCs is largely derived from S. Roan, Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency (Wiley, 1989); J. Gribbin, The Hole in the Sky: Man’s Threat to the Ozone Layer (Bantam, 1988); L. Dotto and H. Schiff, The Ozone War (Doubleday, 1978); N. Oreskes and E. Conway, Merchants of Doubt, (Bloomsbury, 2010).
p. 223 if CFC production had carried on unchecked: World Health Organization, ‘Climate Change and Human Health – Risks and Responses’, summary available at http://www.who.int/globalchange/summary/en/index7.html
p. 224 in June 1974 they published their findings in Nature: M. Molina and S. Rowland, ‘Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone’, Nature, vol. 249, p. 810 (1974).
p. 225 When the US National Academy of Sciences issued its report: ‘Halocarbons, Effects on Stratospheric Ozone’, National Research Council (U.S.) Panel on Atmospheric Chemistry, available through Google books at http://books.google.com/books?id=a2YrAAAAYAAJ&dq=Halocarbons:+Effects+on+Stratospheric+Ozone
p. 226 written by a microbiologist in the pages of Nature: T. Jukes, ‘Spray No More, Ladies’, Nature, vol. 257, p. 441 (1975). The sardonic tone of this piece makes strange reading today. Jukes, a regular columnist in Nature at the time, talks of physicists using the ozone scare to ‘cover themselves in glory – their abstruse field is Being Put To Use, while visions of research grants dance through their heads’. He contends that ‘the task of the courts in denying appeals against a ban is made childishly simple by the magic word “cancer”’, and that the environment is full of checks and balances and will almost certainly dissipate the threat.
p. 229 Perhaps that’s why McPeters has since claimed to be the first to report the ozone hole: F. Pukelsheim, ‘Robustness of Statistical Gossip and the Antarctic Ozone Hole’, Institute of Mathematical Statistics Bulletin, vol. 19, p. 540 (1990).
p. 229 His team sent their findings to Nature in December: J. Farman, ‘Large Losses of Total Ozone in Antarctica Reveal Seasonal ClOx/NOx Interaction’, Nature, vol. 315, p. 207 (1985).
p. 229 According to the historian of science Maureen Christie: M. Christie, ‘Data Collection and the Ozone Hole: Too Much of a Good Thing?’, Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology, vol. 1.1, p. 99 (2004), available at www.meteohistory.org/2004proceedings1.1/pdfs/11christie.pdf
p. 229 Experts at the United Nations Environment Programme: ‘New Report Highlights Two-Way Link Between Ozone Layer and Climate Change’, 16 September 2010, available at http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=647&ArticleID=6751&1=en&t=long
p. 230 In 1963, Dennis Gabor published a book: D. Gabor, Inventing the Future (Secker & Warburg, 1963).
p. 231 In a 1963 CBS documentary: CBS Reports: The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson, first aired on 3 April 1963. You can see the clips in the documentary on Rachel Carson, The American Experience: Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-NAUkyIg-M.