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23. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 92–4; Russell, Fall, pp. 174–5. See, in general, Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Fast Sermons of the Long Parliament’, reprinted in Trevor-Roper, Religion, the Reformation, and Social Change, pp. 297–344; and John Frederick Wilson, Pulpit in Parliament: Puritanism during the English Civil Wars, 1640–8 (Princeton, NJ, 1969).

24. Russell, Fall, esp. pp. 164–7.

25. For their domination of the committees, and the influence that gave them over the flow and pace of business, see Adamson, Noble Revolt, esp. ch. 4.

26. For this and the following paragraphs see Conrad Russell, ‘Pym, John (1584–1643)’, ODNB, 45, pp. 624–40; Russell, Fall, chs. 5–6. Russell’s position is challenged in Adamson, Noble Revolt, esp. ch. 5. Unfortunately this work appeared as the current book was going to press and I have been unable to take full account of its arguments.

27. See above, p. 92.

28. For the speech see Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. xix–xxv; Russell, Fall, pp. 216–17, quotation at p. 216.

29. For King Pym, see Jack H. Hexter, The Reign of King Pym (Cambridge, Mass., 1941). For more measured accounts of his role see Russell, ‘Pym’; Russell, Fall; Woolrych, Britain in Revolution, pp. 164–7; John Morrill, ‘The Unweariableness of Mr Pym: Influence and Eloquence in the Long Parliament’, in Susan Dwyer Amussen and Mark A. Kishlansky (eds.), Political Culture and Cultural Politics in Early Modern England: Essays Presented to David Underdown (Manchester, 1995), pp. 19–54.

30. Conrad Russell, ‘Russell, Francis, Fourth Earl of Bedford (bap. 1587, d. 1641)’, ODNB, 48, pp. 241–50.

31. Russell, Fall, esp. pp. 238–58.

32. Ibid., ch. 6.

33. Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 37–8, 51. Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 158–65, takes the most alarmed contemporary comment at face value; for the hopes of the godly see ibid., ch. 8.

34. Extracts reprinted in Kenyon, Stuart Constitution, pp. 171–5.

35. See above, pp. 5–6.

36. Lindley, pp. Popular Politics, pp. 14–16.

37. Fletcher, Outbreak, p. 92.

38. Ibid., p. 96; Hirst agrees that Dering was responding to constituency pressure, but feels that despite the moderation of the language Dering was probably seen as an advocate of the abolition of episcopacy: Derek Hirst, “The Defection of Sir Edward Dering, 1640–1641”’, reprinted in Peter Gaunt (ed.), The English Civil War (Oxford, 2000), pp. 207–25, esp. pp. 216–17.

39. For the mobilization of other petitions see Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 192–8; Anthony Fletcher, ‘Petitioning and the Outbreak of the Civil War in Derbyshire’, Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, 113 (1973), 34–8; David Zaret, Origins of Democratic Culture: Printing, Petitions, and the Public Sphere in Early-Modern England (Princeton, NJ, 2000), ch. 8. For detailed discussions of the local politics of petitions from the following autumn see John Walter, ‘Confessional Politics in pre-Civil War Essex: Prayer Books, Profanations, and Petitions’, HJ, 44 (2001), 677–701; Peter Lake, ‘Puritans, Popularity and Petitions: Local Politics in National Context, Cheshire, 1641’, in Thomas Cogswell, Richard Cust and Peter Lake (eds.), Politics, Religion and Popularity in Early Stuart Britain: Essays in Honour of Conrad Russell (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 259–89.

40. Compare the dates of delivery with the timings of important parliamentary debates: Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 92, 98–103. For the development of the debates See also A. J. Fletcher, ‘Concern for Renewal in the Root and Branch Debates of 1641’, in Derek Baker (ed.), Renaissance and Renewal in Christian History: Papers Read at the Fifteenth Summer Meeting and Sixteenth Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society (Studies in Church History, 14) (Oxford, 1977), pp. 279–86.

41. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 98–9.

42. Lindley, Popular Politics, pp. 17–18, quotation at p. 17. Such debates had a prehistory in early Stuart unease about ‘popularity’, and the ambivalent attitude towards the ‘public sphere’. See above, pp. 48–53, 56 and the works cited there.

43. George Digby,