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59. Walter, Understanding Popular Violence, pp. 295–6.

60. Locke, Strange And Lamentable accident, quotations at sig. A3r.

61. Ibid., quotations at sig. A3r, A2v, A4r.

62. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 370–71. For divisions in Northamptonshire see John Fielding, ‘Arminianism in the Localities: Peterborough Diocese 1603–1642’, in Kenneth Fincham (ed.), The Early Stuart Church, 1603–1642 (Basingstoke, 1993), pp. 93–113.

63. John Taylor was a prominent exponent of these lines of polemic: Capp, John Taylor, esp. chs. 6, 8; Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 229–30.

64. The new name was given ‘to those that strive to walk in the ways of God’: BL, Sloane MS 1457, fos. 67–72v.

65. Ronald Hutton, The Royalist War Effort 1642–1646, 2nd edn (London, 1999), p. 4 for Croft and Hereford; Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1994), p. 205 for Ludlow; Jacqueline Eales, Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the English Civil War (Cambridge, 1990), p. 143–5.

66. Adamson, Noble Revolt, p. 387.

67. CJ, ii, p. 478. For hostility to the methods of Pym and his allies see Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 127–30, 293–7; Cressy, England on Edge, pp. 338–46.

68. Walter, ‘Confessional Politics’, p. 699n; Peter Lake, ‘Puritans, Popularity and Petitions: Local Politics in National Context, Cheshire, 1641’, in Thomas Cogswell, Richard Cust and Peter Lake (eds.), Politics, Religion and Popularity in Early Stuart Britain: Essays in Honour of Conrad Russell (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 259–89. For a general account of these campaigns See also Fletcher, Outbreak, ch. 9; and, for a list of extant petitions, Judith Maltby, Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England (Cambridge, 1998), appendix 1, pp. 238–47. See also Cressy, England on Edge, ch. 11 (although it is not clear that this was necessarily Laudians fighting back).

69. Fletcher, Outbreak, pp. 307–10; Gardiner, X, pp. 179–82; Russell, Fall, pp. 498–500, quotation at p. 499; Alan Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion 1640–60 (Leicester, 1966), pp. 95–107.

70. Joad Raymond, The Invention of the Newspaper: English Newsbooks 1641–1649 (Oxford, 1996), p. 122.

71. Anon., A Relation of a terrible Monster (London, 1642), quotations at p. 3. For the reporting of wonders in newsbooks see Joad Raymond (ed.), Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England, 1641–1660 (Moreton-in-Marsh, 1993), ch. 4.

72. John Hare, The Marine Mercury ([London], 1642). The sailors are: Nicholas Treadcrow, Josias Otter, Humfrey Hearnshaw, Alexander Waterrat, Sim. Seamaule and Tim. Bywater. The ESTC identifies Hare as the author of later tracts critical of the lingering effects of the Norman conquest on the rights and liberties of Englishmen, which might suggest broadly parliamentarian sympathies.

73. Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2001), p. 41.

74. HEH, EL 7846, Castle to Bridgewater, 4 August 1640.

75. Russell, Fall, p. 419.

76. Fletcher, Outbreak, p. 170.

77. Reprinted in John Morrill, Revolt of the Provinces: Conservatives and Radicals in the English Civil War, 1630–1650, 1st edn (Harlow, 1980), at p. 137 (these documents are not included in their entirety in the second edition).

7. Raising Forces

1. Bulstrode Whitelocke, Memorials of the English Affairs, 4 vols. (Oxford, 1853), I, p. 176.

2. John Morrill, ‘Devereux, Robert, Third Earl of Essex (1591–1646)’, ODNB, 15, pp. 960–69. See also John Adamson, The Noble Revolt: The Overthrow of Charles I (London, 2007).

3. Samuel R. Gardiner, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War 1603–1642, 10 vols. (London, 1884), X, pp. 196–20; for Parliament’s order see Gardiner, CD, p. 261. For the navy see Bernard Capp, ‘Naval Operations’, in John Kenyon and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.), The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland and Ireland (Oxford, 1998), pp. 156–91.

4. Gardiner, History of England, X, pp. 199