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of Canterbury’s speech, quotations at pp. 11, 14; Heylyn, Cyprianus Anglicus, p. 527, quoted in Gardiner, II, p. 107. A ‘Corrected’ version of the speech was published in Oxford, claiming that Hinde’s text had been doctored to please the censors in the City: A briefe relation of the death and sufferings of the most Reverend and renowned prelate the L. Archbishop of Canterbury (Oxford, 1644), p. 23. It included a history of Laud’s life. The passage quoted here about the popular clamour for Laud’s execution contains an additional phrase: ‘the Magistrates standing still and suffering them openly to proceed from Parish to Parish without check’.

14. For a flavour see William Starbuck, A Briefe exposition, paraphrase or interpretation upon the Lord of Canterburies sermon (London, 1645); Anon., A Full and Satisfactorie ansvvere to the ArchBishop of Canterbvries speeh [sic] (London, 1645); Anon., The Life and Death of William Lawd, late Archbishop of Canterburie (London, 1645). The last offers a history of the betrayal of the Reformation. J.B., A Relation Of the Troubles Of the three forraign Churches in Kent (London, 1645), does the same on the basis of the history of a particular policy.

15. David Scott, ‘Hotham, Sir John, First Baronet (1589–1645)’, ODNB, 28, pp. 257–9; David Scott, ‘Hotham, John (1610–1645)’, ODNB, 28, pp. 259–61; Stephen Wright, ‘Carew, Sir Alexander, Second Baronet (1609–1644)’, ODNB, 10, pp. 40–41.

16. Austin Woolrych, Britain in Revolution 1625–1660 (Oxford, 2002), p. 288. The dubious honour of the largest battle on English soil is also claimed for the battle of Towton in 1461, on the basis of the claims in contemporary chronicles about numbers engaged.

17. Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the English Civil Wars, 1638–1651 (London, 1992), p. 204.

18. Gardiner, II, p. 113.

19. Mercurius Cambro-Britannicus, 27 November-5 December 1643, pp. 3–4.

20. Bod. L, Ashmolean MS 184, fo. 3r. For Lilly See also Patrick Curry, ‘Lilly, William (1602–1681)’, ODNB, 33, pp. 794–8. For astrology more generally see Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century England (Harmondsworth, 1991 edn), chs. 10–12; Patrick Curry, Prophecy and Power: Astrology in Early Modern England (Princeton, NJ, 1989), esp. chs. 1–2; Bernard Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press: English Almanacs 1500–1800 (London, 1979). For a close understanding of Lilly and his art see Ann Geneva, Astrology and the Seventeenth-Century Mind: William Lilly and the Language of the Stars (Manchester, 1995).

21. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 364.

22. Bod. L, Ashmolean MS 184, fos. 1r-2v, ‘Quando Essex eius iterus ad Oxonium’. For other examples see fos. 83v, 102v, 160r; Ashmolean MS 178, fo. 63v.

23. Ashmolean MS 184, fos. 46v, 69v–70v; Ashmolean MS 178, fo. 174r.

24. Ashmolean MS 184, fo. 62v.

25. Ibid., fo. 36r (See also fos. 64r, 67r, 67v, 98v); Ashmolean MS 178, fo. 24r; Ashmolean MS 184, fo. 44r (See also Ashmolean MS 178, fos 16r, 63r).

26. Geneva, Astrology and the Seventeenth-Century Mind, pp. 81–3.

27. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, pp. 337–8.

28. Ibid., pp. 338-9; John Booker, Mercurius Coelicus (London, 1645), quotation at p. 33.

29. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 340.

30. Booker, Mercurius Coelicus, p. 34.

31. Capp, Astrology, pp. 57–9; Curry, ‘Lilly, William’.

32. Lindley, Popular Politics, p. 138.

33. William Lilly, The starry messenger (London, 1645): ‘George, a stickling prophet,… pipes out nothing but victory for his Majesty: be it granted, that the storming of Leicester hath in part verified some part of his prediction, (and a little treason besides) yet I deny it was signified by this posture, or that the rest of this mans words shall have like success; Nay, by position of Mars, Lord of the fourth, in the twelve, his Majesty shall not keep that Town long, or any else that he may take in this prophetic march, without infinite loss on his party: Venus in her house, doth assuredly tell us we shall keep