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’, suggesting once again that book-burning was as much about civility of discourse as the contents: it was hardly unusual to suggest that Parliament’s cause was not in fact a godly one. For book-burnings see above, pp. 277–9. In this case the burning was associated with a concerted attempt to suppress the publication and dissemination of the pamphlet.

11. Gentles, New Model Army, ch. 4.

12. Anne Laurence, Parliamentary Army Chaplains, 1642–1651 (Woodbridge, 1990), pp. 49–57.

13. Kishlansky, Rise, chs. 2–3; Gentles, ‘Civil Wars in England’, pp. 140–41.

14. Malcolm Wanklyn and Frank Jones, A Military History of the English Civil War, 1642–1646: Strategy and Tactics (Harlow, 2005), pp. 229–33; Peter Young and Richard Holmes, The English Civil War: A Military History of the Three Civil Wars 1642–1651 (Ware, 2000), pp. 233-4. For the politics of the Committee of Both Kingdoms see John Adamson, ‘The Triumph of Oligarchy: The Management of War and the Committee of Both Kingdoms, 1644–1645’, in Chris R. Kyle and Jason Peacey (eds.), Parliament at Work: Parliamentary Committees, Political Power and Public Access in Early Modern England (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 101–27.

15. Wanklyn and Jones argue persuasively that it was not in and of itself a disastrous decision: Military History, pp. 233–5. See also Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 234–5.

16. Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, pp. 235–6; Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 236–7. For Montrose see Gardiner, II, pp. 215–20; David Stevenson, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Scotland, 1644–1651 (London, 1977), pp. 28–9.

17. Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, pp. 236–40; Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 236–8, quotation at p. 237; for the sack of Leicester See also Carlton, Going to the Wars, p. 177.

18. Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, pp. 240–43, which revises the conventional wisdom about Goring’s behaviour.

19. For the best brief account of the battle see Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 55–60. See also Malcolm Wanklyn, Decisive Battles of the English Civil War: Myth and Reality (Barnsley, 2006), chs. 14–15; Wanklyn and Jones, Military History, ch. 21; Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 239–250.

20. For this atrocity see Young and Holmes, English Civil War, pp. 249–50; C. V. Wedgwood, The King’s War 1641–1647 (London, 1958), p. 445. Mercurius Belgicus noted that ‘Above all the rebels’ cruelty was remarkable in killing upon cold blood at least 100 women, whereof some of quality, being commanders’ wives, and this done under the pretence they were Irish women’: Mercurius Belgicus (London, 1646), sig. E2v.

21. Figures vary in some degree for the army sizes, casualties and numbers of prisoners; I have followed Gentles’s estimates here: New Model Army, p. 60.

22. Gardiner, II, pp. 256–7.

23. Thomas Edwards, The Second Part of Gangraena (London, 1646), p. 127.

24. David Underdown, Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603–1660 (Oxford, 1985), p. 258.

25. Gardiner, II, pp. 252–3.

26. For Baillie’s mixed feelings about the victory see Ann Hughes, Gangraena and the Struggle for the English Revolution (Oxford, 2004), p. 323.

27. Derek Hirst, ‘Reading the Royal Romance: Or, Intimacy in a King’s Cabinet’, Seventeenth Century, 18 (2003), 211–29, at pp. 212–13; R. E. Maddison, ‘“The King’s Cabinet opened”: A Case Study in Pamphlet History’, Notes and Queries, 211 (1966), 2–9; Joad Raymond, ‘Popular Representations of Charles I’, in Thomas N. Corns (ed.), The Royal Image: Representations of Charles I (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 47–73, at pp. 56–60.

28. The Kings Cabinet opened (London, 1645), sig. A3r. Mercurius Britanicus was less restrained, while taking essentially the same line: see Joad Raymond (ed.), Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England 1641–1660 (Moreton-in-Marsh, 1993), pp. 339–49.

29. The Kings Cabinet opened, sig. A3v. This is apparently the first use of the term in England: ‘Cajole’, OED, accessed online, 2 April 2007.

30. Philip Withington, The Politics of Commonwealth: Citizens