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may be punished or persecuted as heretical, by Judges that are not infallible, but may be mistaken as well as other men in their judgments, lest upon pretence of suppressing errors, Sects, or Schisms, the most necessary truths, and sincere professions thereof may be suppressed, as upon like pretence it hath been in all ages’: the Large Petition, reprinted in G. E. Aylmer (ed.), The Levellers in the English Revolution (London, 1975), pp. 75–81, quotation at p. 79.

40. Ian Gentles, ‘Political Funerals during the English Revolution’, in Stephen Porter (ed.), London and the Civil War (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 205–24, at pp. 210–17. See also V. F. Snow, Essex the Rebel: The Life of Robert Devereux, the Third Earl of Essex 1591–1646 (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1970), pp. 489–94; Gardiner, III, pp. 147–9; J. S. A. Adamson, ‘Chivalry and Political Culture in Caroline England’, in Kevin Sharpe and Peter Lake (eds.), Culture and Politics in Early Stuart England (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 161–97, esp. pp. 191–3.

41. Snow, Essex, p. 494; Gardiner, III, pp. 149–50; for the political complexion of the mourners see Gentles, New Model Army, p. 143.

42. John Morrill, ‘The Army Revolt of 1647’, reprinted in John Morrill, The Nature of the English Revolution (Harlow, 1993), pp. 307–31; John Morrill, ‘Mutiny and Discontent in English Provincial Armies, 1645–1647’, reprinted in ibid., pp. 332–58; Ashton, Counter-Revolution, ch. 2; for the post-war desire to establish control over the soldiery see Ronan Bennett, ‘War and Disorder: Policing the Soldiery in Civil War Yorkshire’, in Mark Charles Fissel (ed.), War and Government in Britain, 1598–1650 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 248–73.

43. For this campaign see Valerie Pearl, ‘London’s Counter-Revolution’, in G. E. Aylmer (ed.), The Interregnum: The Quest for Settlement, 1646–1660 (London, 1972), pp. 29–56; Mark A. Kishlansky, The Rise of the New Model Army (Cambridge, 1979), esp. ch. 6; Underdown, Pride’s Purge, esp. pp. 76–90; Gentles, New Model Army, ch. 6; Michael Mahony, ‘Presbyterianism in the City of London, 1645–7’, HJ, 22 (1979), 93–114; Ann Hughes, Gangraena and the Struggle for the English Revolution (Oxford, 2004), ch. 5; Elliot Curt Vernon, ‘The Sion College Conclave and London Presbyterianism during the English Revolution’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge (1999), chs. 2–3. Posterity has generally credited Holles with leadership, perhaps because of the survival of his published memoirs. Juxon referred to this parliamentary interest as the Stapletonian party: Keith Lindley and David Scott (eds.), The Journal of Thomas Juxon, 1644–1647, Camden, 5th ser., 13 (London, 1999), esp. p. 34; Kishlansky notes this too, Rise, pp. 15–16, although his account emphasizes the role of Holles. The New Model was not the only problem – the regional armies were also agitating for arrears: Morrill, ‘Mutiny and Discontent’; Morrill, ‘Army Revolt of 1647’.

44. Gentles, New Model Army, pp. 145–7. For the wider context see Ashton, Counter-Revolution, esp. chs. 2, 3, 7.

45. Ibid. For the offer of these terms to the King, and his insincere consideration of them, see Gardiner, III, pp. 213–15.

46. Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1994), esp. pp. 203–12. See also Morrill, ‘The Church in England’; Christopher Durston, ‘Puritan Rule and the Failure of Cultural Revolution’, in Christopher Durston and Jacqueline Eales (eds.), The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700 (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 210–33; Christopher Durston, ‘“Preaching and sitting still on Sundays”: The Lord’s Day during the English Revolution’, in Christopher Durston and Judith Maltby (eds.), Religion in Revolutionary England (Manchester, 2006), pp. 205–25.

47. For the post-Reformation Protestant calendar, and its politics, see David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (London, 1989).

48. Michael J. Braddick, ‘Popular Politics and Public Policy: The Excise Riot at Smithfield in February 1647 and Its Aftermath’, HJ, 34 (1991), 597