God's Fury, England's Fire_ A New History of the English Civil Wars - Michael J. Braddick [472]
See also Solemn League and Covenant
churches
altar rails 76, 100, 101, 102, 128, 144, 147, 313
communion table/altar 101, 119, 128, 145, 313
pews/seating 75–6
purgation of 274–6, 281, 313–14, 406, 427–8, 433, 463; See also iconoclasm service books 100; See also Directory of Worship; Prayer Book stained/painted glass 100, 101, 144, 201–2
Cirencester 252
City Alarum 371
civil liberties see individual freedom
Civil War: events leading to 182–208, 210, 589–90
armed confrontations 210, 215–17, 218
militia, mustering of 210–11, 214–15, 216–17, 224
parliamentarian cause 287, 290, 293–4, 297, 300, 302–3, 321–2, 337, 345–6, 353–5
perceived cost of war 237–8, 242, 252–3, 466
print campaigns 224, 225, 236, 237
public rhetoric 217–18, 236–7
royalist cause 201, 228–9, 282–3, 286, 290, 295, 302, 308–9, 315–17, 320–22, 552–3
rumours of war 247–8
settlement, petitions for 225, 238
Civil War, First, 1642–6 241–436
American colonies, position of 222
casualties (overall) 363, 389–91, 393, 401; See also individual battles/engagements
cost and benefits of 389–412, 463–4, 503–6;
Covenanter invasion of northern England 3–6; in second campaign 104–5, 106; See also Covenanter army; Covenanters
disease during 394–5
ending of 388, 439–40
escalation of 262–303, 314–15, 322, 354–5
ethnic hostility in 317–19, 322
funding of: by forced loans 45, 48, 86;
through Parliament 45, 89, 91, 92, 132
gender issues in 408–10; See also women
homelessness following 393–4
Ireland, C’s Cessation negotiations with, 1643 295–6, 393–9, 315, 316, 317–18, 319
military position, 1642 222–3, 224–5, 230, 237; 1642–3 251–5, 264–6, 284–90, 320–22, 323, 325–6; 1644 315, 320, 322, 332–5, 336–7, 347–9, 354–5
peace negotiations see peace negotiations
publication of documents on 272–3, 380–83
regional campaigns 251, 264, 286–91, 297, 322, 326–8, 331–2, 354–5, 384–6, 387
soldiers” experience of 391–4, 407–8
taxation during 269–70, 285, 396–7, 403–4
as a war of the three kingdoms 319–20
trades/industries supported by 397–9, 403
wealth redistribution caused by 404–5
See also individual battles/engagements
Civil War, Second, 1648 531–50
causes 536–7, 549–50
Covenanters and see Covenanter army; Covenanters
effects of 567–8
Engager (Scottish) invasion of northern England 537, 543–5, 543, 551–2
peace negotiations see peace negotiations
royalist mobilization 531–6, 437, 539, 551
royalist risings: in Essex 533, 534, 538, 539–41; in Kent 531–2, 535, 538, 539–42; in south Wales 538–9
See also individual battles/engagements
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl 69, 70, 126, 223, 226, 264, 298, 584
C and 189–90, 284, 468; on his captivity/trial 575–7
on Grand Remonstrance 170–71
as Sir Edward Hyde 121, 189–90, 193
on Newcastle Propositions 468
as a royalist 228, 295, 307; as their Chancellor of the Exchequer 307
Clarke, William 515, 517, 565, 584
Clarkson, Laurence 534
class divisions 232, 233–6
See also social structure
clergymen 22, 48, 203, 204, 275–7
anti-clericalism 8, 204, 275–6
authority/status 72
Convocations of 95, 97, 119
in English Reformation 20
oaths required of 95
as preachers 24, 71, 276
Puritan 204
radical 297
in Reformed churches 8, 10–11, 16, 20
as scandalous (malignancy) 275–7, 296, 314, 461
clerical taxation 95
clerical vestments 72, 100, 101, 144, 202
cloth trade 184, 233, 251, 456
clothing manufacturers 399, 403
Clotworthy, Sir John 501
clubmen 286, 384, 385, 413–21, 426
demonstrations by 418–19, 420–21
leaders of 414, 419, 424, 425
as a local force 413, 418, 461, 462, 463
numbers of 414, 415
as parliamentarian 414, 418, 421
as a political movement 411, 415, 419–21
as royalist 286, 413, 414, 418, 421
clubmen manifestos 415–18, 420
coat and conduct money 87, 99
codes of conduct 395–6
catechisms for soldiers 373, 460
See also atrocities; honour; war, laws of
coinage, debasement of 184
Coke, Sir John 97
Colby Moor, battle of, 1645 385
Colchester, siege of, 1648 428, 541, 543, 545–8
Fairfax at 541, 546–8
surrender 547, 549–50; execution of royalist commanders 547–8
women/children,