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context for this discussion of George Downing’s attitude to Dutch Republican fiscal policies, see Jonathan Scott, England’s Troubles: Seventeenth Century English Political Instability in European Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), and Scott, ‘What the Dutch Taught Us: The Late Emergence of the Modern British State’, Times Literary Supplement (16 March 2001), pp.4–6.

32 See Jonathan Scott, ‘Downing, Sir George, first baronet (1623–1684)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com. catalogue. ulrls.lon.ac.uk:80/view/article/7981, accessed 10 June 2007]

33 Cit. Scott, ‘“Good night Amsterdam”’, p.344.

34 The account that follows of Downing’s important role in shaping English fiscal policy after the Restoration is based on ibid., pp.334–56.

35 Ibid., p.354.

Conclusion: Going Dutch

1 William returned to The Hague in late February 1671.

2 William was made Captain General (overall military commander) by the States General in 1671, and Stadholder in 1672, following the murder of the de Witt brothers and the fall of the Republic.

3 W. Troost, William III, the Stadholder-King: A Political Biography, trans. J.C. Grayson (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), pp.63–4.

4 PRO, LC5/2, pp.29–31. I am extremely grateful to Dr Anna Keay of English Heritage for passing this reference to me.

5 Troost, William III, the Stadholder-King, pp.62–3.

6 Worp, letter 6778.

7 Worp, letter 7077.

8 De Gedichten van Constantijn Huygens online, University of Leiden website: http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch/Huygens/index.html.

9 See Wren family, Parentalia, p.323.

10 CLRO, RCA 82, fol. 268v.

11 J.E. Moore, ‘The Monument, or, Christopher Wren’s Roman accent’, Art Bulletin 80 (1998), 498–533.

12 An Act of Parliament of 1667 contained the instruction that: ‘The better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation; Be it further enacted that a Columne or Pillar of Brase or Stone be erected on or as neare unto the place where the said Fire so unhappily began as Conveniently as may be, in perpetuall Remembrance thereof, with such Inscription thereon, as hereafter by the Mayor and Court of Aldermen in that behalfe be directed.’ Work excavating the foundations was completed in November 1671, and construction must have commenced shortly thereafter.

13 Cit. van Strien, British Travellers in Holland, p.263.

14 KA 48 fol. 5. Constantijn Huygens to Christopher Wren, ‘Surveyor of the Kings buildings’.

15 Offenberg expresses uncertainty as to whether the letter addressed to ‘a courtier at the court of the Prince of Orange’ was actually intended for Huygens (p.420). The letter to Wren (to which Offenberg does not refer) confirms that this was indeed the case.

16 See A. Offenberg, ‘Dirk van Santen and the Keur Bible: New insights into Jacob Judah (Ayre) Leon Templo’s model Temple’, Studia Rosenthaliana 37 (2004), 401–22. Thanks to Moti Feingold for bringing this article to my attention.

17 Hooke, Diary, p.179.

Table of Contents

Preface

1 England Invaded by the Dutch: The Conquest that Never Was

2 From Invasion to Glorious Revolution: Editing Out the Dutch

3 Royal and Almost-Royal Families: ‘How England Came to be Ruled by an Orange’

4 Designing Dutch Princely Rule: The Cultural Diplomacy of ‘Mr Huggins’

5 Auction, Exchange, Traffic and Trickle-Down: Dutch Influence on English Art

6 Double Portraits: Mixed and Companionate Marriages

7 Consorts of Viols, Theorbos and Anglo–Dutch Voices

8 Masters of All They Survey: Anglo–Dutch Passion for Gardens and Gardening

9 Paradise on Earth: Garnering Riches and Bringing Them Home

10 Anglo–Dutch Exchange and the New Science: A Chapter of Accidents

11 Science Under the Microscope: More Anglo–Dutch Misunderstandings

12 Anglo–Dutch Influence Abroad: Competition, Market Forces and Money Markets on a Global Scale

Conclusion

Huygens Family Tree

Stuart Family Tree

House of Orange Family Tree

Bibliography of Secondary Sources

Index

Author’s