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and rail lines, 655

Erie Canal Commission, 420-21

Erie Canal Fund, 615

Erie Rail Road, 564, 613, 647, 655, 772, 873, 884, 967, 1010-11, 1035, 1036

Escalators, 1065

Essex County, 746

Essex Street, 1116, 1117

Estates, 175, 178-79, 187. See also Patroonships; specific estate

Ethical Culture Society, 1173-74, 1175

“Ethiopian Opera Houses,” 758

Ethiopian Regiment, 249

Ethnicity: and brothels, 804

and Civil War, 866, 901

and class issues, 1078

and cooperatives, 772

and economy, 901

in 1830s, 604

and Elites, 1087-88

in mid-nineteenth century, 771, 772

and organized labor, 604, 771

and politics, 207-8

in proprietary New York, 87

and wealth, 1078. Set also specific ethnic group

Etna Iron Works, 660

Europe: communications with, 675-76, 677

European creditors: and Crash of 1873, 1022

in 1830s, 568

in late nineteenth century, 1042

in mid-nineteenth century, 657

and Panic of 1837, 612, 614–15, 616

Euterpean Society, 375

E.V. Haughwout and Company, 670, 671

Evacuation Day, 259-61, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 276, 277, 278, 283, 316, 337, 339, 371, 466, 604, 695, 716, 1085

Evangelical religion: and and “Great Negro Plot” of 1741, 165

and blacks, 158, 165

and Catholics, 542, 544, 776

in colonial New York, 157-58, 165, 201

in early nineteenth century, 413, 472, 480, 481-83, 529-41

in 1830s, 542, 544, 548, 551, 552, 553, 555

and events leading to Civil War, 861

and Irish, 555

in late nineteenth century, 977-78, 1156-57

and loyalism, 220

in mid-nineteenth century, 619-20, 621, 628-29, 775-78, 828, 861

and middle class, 977-78

and morality, 1156-57

and nativism, 542, 555, 828

and politics, 157–58

and poor relief, 619-21

and reform, 493-98

and revolt of 1712, 165

in revolutionary New York, 208, 209, 213, 218, 220

in 1790s and early 1800s, 385, 396-97

and slavery, 542, 551, 552, 553, 554

and Sunday School movement, 385

and theatergoing, 218

and urban missionaries, 495-96

and women, 530

and working class, 530, 554

Evening Exchange, 899

Everett House, 1035

Evergreen Cemetery, 8

Excelsior Land Association of Brooklyn, 972

Excelsiors, 733

Exchange Coffee House, 124, 176, 210, 215, 223. See also Queen’s Head Tavern

Exchange Place, 50, 104, 105, 112, 155, 576, 900, 999, 1065

Exchange Street, 596

Executions, 506-7, 1153

Executive Committee of Citizens and Taxpayers for Financial Reform of the City, 1010

Executive Committee of the Employers of the City, 1013

Exemption Committee, 896

Fabians, 1179

Factories. See Manufacturing Factory girls, 801. See also Working women

Factoryville, 442-43, 662. See also West New Brighton

Family wage, 800-802

EA.Q Schwarz, 945

Farmers Alliance, 1204

Farmers/ farming: and British occupation of New York, 247, 251, 252, 255

as Clinton supporters, 257

and colonial New York, 122-23, 127

debt of, 170, 102

and Dongan administration, 94

in early nineteenth century, 436, 443, 479, 485

and economy of New York, 122–23

and events leading to Civil War, 852, 862

in Hudson River Valley, 203

insurgency of, 203, 204

in late nineteenth century, 1204, 1210, 1218

and liquor, 485

as loyalists, 219

in mid-nineteenth century, 842, 852, 862

and money, 310

and Panic of 1857, 842

in post-revolutionary New York, 257, 265, 310

in proprietary New York, 88-89, 94

and railroads, 1041, 1044

and ratification of Constitution, 291

and recession in colonial New York, 150

in revolutionary New York, 219, 230

in 1790s and early 1800s, 389, 391

and Shay’s Rebellion, 289

and slavery, 122–23, 127, 479

and trading with British, 230

and West Indies trade, 122-23

and western expansion, 852. See also specific location, e.g. Long Island

Fashion Course, 734

Fashion Park racetrack, 939, 953

Fashions, 323, 455-56, 722, 801, 812-14, 960-61

Federal aid, 451, 599, 649, 650, 822

Federal Bankruptcy Act (1841), 617

Federal Bureau of Immigration, 1111

Federal capital: New York as, 299-312

Philadelphia