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and raids on British, 225

and slavery, 248

and Tories, 227

and vulnerability of New York, 234

Washington’s views of, 230

Provincial Convention: and delegates to Continental Congress, 223

Provisional Army, 326

Provisional Orders (1624), 22, 24

Provost marshall: in revolutionary New York, 229

Prussia: and King George’s War, 167

Prussian Guard Band, 904

Public assistance. See Poor relief; Welfare

Public Credit Act, 988

Public markets. See Markets

Public Parks Department, 1025, 1027, 1044, 1082, 1190, 1220, 1232

Public relations industry, 947

Public School Society (PSS), 500-501, 509-4, 544, 630, 631, 780-76, 782

Public transportation. See Elevated railroads

Horsecars

Rapid transit system

Street railroads

Transportation

Public works: in Brooklyn, 949

and city development, 929-50

and city-state relations, 837

and Civil War, 873, 901

in colonial New York, 153, 184-87

and corruption, 1009

and Crash of 1873, 1024, 1027, 1028

and Depression of 1830s, 618

in early nineteenth century, 412

and economy, 833-35, 901

funding for, 46, 153, 184

and Italians, 1122

in late nineteenth century, 929-50, 969, 1009, 1011, 1024, 1027, 1028, 1041, 1186, 1190

in mid-nineteenth century, 624-25, 827, 833-35, 837, 848, 849-50

and municipal reform, 1028

in New Amsterdam, 45-46

and Panic of 1857, 848, 849-50

and professional classes, 969

as relief, 412

and Tammany, 827

and toppling of Tweed, 1011

and unemployment, 624-25, 833-35, 1186, 1190. See also Infrastructure; specific work

Public Works Department, 930, 949, 1122, 1198

Publishing: as capitalist enterprise, 684

and culture, 1166-67

in early nineteenth century, 441

in 1830s, 543

and immigrants, 543

in late nineteenth century, 990-91, 1062

in mid-nineteenth century, 641-42, 681-83, 799, 801

and middle class, 730-31

religious, 522, 543, 681. See also Magazines

Newspapers

“Publius,” 289-90

Puerto Ricans, 1212, 1216, 1218

Puerto Rico, 434

Pullman Palace Car Company, 1046

Punishment: of blacks, 32, 161, 163

in colonial New York, 151, 185

corporal, 366

in House of Correction, 156

and “Montgomerie Charter,” 139

in New Amsterdam, 58-59, 61

in 1790s and early 1800s, 366-67

of slaves/blacks, 148, 149, 160, 161, 163

of Tories, 230, 246, 267

for vagrants/beggars, 146

Puritans, 28-29, 37, 43, 57, 60, 63, 108

Pushcarts, 740, 1203

Quakers, 16, 37, 61, 94, 250, 285-86, 383, 993

Quartering Act, 198, 205, 210

Quartermaster General’s Department, 875

Quebec, Canada, 13

Queen Anne’s War, 116, 118, 129-30, 135, 145

Queen Street, 116, 171, 177, 224, 255, 273, 293, 294. See also Pearl Street

Queens: blacks in, 854, 885

and British occupation of New York, 246

Catholics in, 938, 939

and Consolidation, 1219, 1220, 1226-27, 1229, 1231-32, 1234

creation of, 91-92

delegates to Provincial Congress from, 225

development of, 583, 743-44, 937-39, 1022-23

in early nineteenth century, 348, 431, 453

in 1830s, 567, 583

entertainment in, 994, 1137

ethnicity in, 390

European control of, 69

farming in, 391, 431

and Fletcher’s administration, 103–4

Germans in, 745-46

housing in, 939, 972

as Indian land, 8

Irish in, 743-44, 746

Kieft buys Indian lands in, 35

in late nineteenth century, 937-39, 972, 994

manufacturing in, 661

in mid-nineteenth century, 661, 743-44, 745-46

population of, 128

in post-revolutionary New York, 281, 282, 285

and ratification of Constitution, 291, 293

rebels flight from, 246

sale of Tory property in, 282

in 1790s and early 1800s, 390, 391

slavery in, 128, 148, 285, 348

Tories in, 219-20, 227, 281, 282

transportation in, 567

Queen’s Birthday celebration, 247

Queen’s Head Tavern, 176, 188

Queen’s Rangers, 255

Race: during Civil War, 884, 886, 890, 893-94

and class issues, 897

in colonial New York, 151, 159-66

and Consolidation, 1236

and draft riot, 890, 893-94

in early nineteenth century, 413

and emancipation, 886

and entertainment,