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Red Hook Building Company, 582

Red Hook Point, 597, 949

Red Lion Brewery, 53

Redemptioners, 131

Refineries: in late nineteenth century, 933, 950

oil, 933

sugar, 120, 123, 142, 252, 253, 442, 595, 660-61, 933, 1066

Reform: changing character of genteel, 1176

and charter, 829

and city-state relations, 835-141

and Civil War, 879-81, 899

and class issues, 829

in early nineteenth century, 493-508

and evangelical religion, 493-98, 529-41

in late nineteenth century, 988-89, 992, 1008-12, 1018-19, 1101

in mid-nineteenth century, 827, 828, 820-31, 835-41

as middle class, 1101

and morality, 493–508

and organized labor, 988-89, 1018-19

and religion, 829

and Republicans, 880

in San Francisco, 829

and Tammany, 827, 828

and toppling of Tweed, 1008-12

and Wood, 835-41. See also Feminism

Social Gospel

specific person, organization, or type of reform

Reform Club, 1234

Refugees: and British occupation of New York, 250-51

Regan’s Clipper Shades, 755

Register of Births and Marriages, 358

Regulation: in early nineteenth century, 451, 520-21

of housing, 780-90

in mid-nineteenth century, 785-86, 789-90

in 1790s and early 1800s, 354-56, 363. See also Inspectors; Licensing

Religion: and abortion, 810

and Anglo-Dutch relations, 95

in army, 882

and blacks, 398-401

in Britain, 94, 95-96, 104

and class issues, 482

in colonial New York, 103-5, 114-15, 179-81, 184

and Dongan administration, 91, 94

and Duke’s Laws, 81

in early nineteenth century, 480-83, 491-92

and feminism, 802-3

and formation of state government, 231, 256

and Glorious Revolution, 95-96

and illegitimacy, 810

and immigrants, 208

and insurance, 659

in late nineteenth century, 976-78

and loyalism, 220

in mid-nineteenth century, 775-78, 802-3, 807, 810, 829

for middle class, 976-78

in Netherlands, 15, 16, 41

in New Amsterdam/New Netherland, 58, 59-61

and New York State Constitution, 269

and organized labor, 1172

and politics, 179-81, 208-9

and poor/poverty, 144-45, 384-85

in post-revolutionary New York, 256, 283

in proprietary New York, 78, 81, 84, 94

and Queen Anne’s War, 129-30

and racial issues, 208

and reform, 829

and republicanism, 396-97

and Revolution Settlement, 283

in revolutionary New York, 208-9

science and, 976-77

in 1790s and early 1800s, 384-85, 395-401

and slaves, 184

as social organization, 491-92

and Sunday services, 58

and West India Company, 61

and working class, 208, 395-98, 480-83. See also Catholics

Churches

Evangelical religion

Great Awakening

Jews

Protestants

Social Gospel

Sunday school movement

specific denomination or group

Religious publishing, 522, 681

Remonstrants, 19

Remsen Street, 1192

Rensselaerswyck, 28, 35, 51, 57, 92. See also specific person

Rent: in Brooklyn, 933

for brothels, 807

and Civil War, 883, 901

and Crash of 1873, 1024

in 1830s, 587, 593, 599, 605

George’s views about, 1099

and immigrants, 1123

in late nineteenth century, 933, 959, 1024, 1078, 1099, 1174

of luxury apartments, 1078

in mid-nineteenth century, 770, 807, 846

and Panic of 1857, 846

for piers, 949

in post-revolutionary New York, 301

Representation: and ratification of Constitution, 289, 290

Republican Motherhood, 284-85, 799

Republicanism: and art world, 379

artisanal, 394-95, 553

betrayal of, 980

and blacks, 400

and class issues, 324, 372, 518

in colonial and revolutionary New York, 221, 231, 244, 257, 275

and consumerism, 879

and Crash of 1873, 1026

and Democratic Republicans, 323

in early nineteenth century, 315-19, 320, 323, 324, 330, 465-67, 507, 509-11, 518

and education, 500-10

in 1830s, 543, 553

and elites, 465-67

in France, 320, 395, 397, 1034

and gender, 283, 284

and immigrants, 543

and Irish, 401, 752, 1004-5

in late nineteenth century, 1004-5, 1026, 1034

and manifest destiny, 652

in mid-nineteenth century, 829,