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and Civil War, 884-87

in colonial New York, 126-29, 142, 146-49, 151, 158, 159-66, 184, 190, 192-93

and Compromise of 1820, 853

as craftsmen, 151

as criminals, 146, 147

culture of, 128-29

deportation of, 165

domestic products made by, 125

and Dutch, 135

in early nineteenth century, 308, 347-49

and economy of New York, 122-23, 192-93

in 1830s, 542, 551, 552, 553-56, 560-62

end of, 347-49

and evangelical religion, 542, 551, 552, 553

and events leading to Civil War, 853, 857, 858-60, 862, 863

and farming, 122-23, 127

and formation of state government, 231

and French Revolution, 308

and Great Awakening, 158

and “Great Negro Plot” of 1741, 150-66

half-freedom for, 33, 56, 146

health of 44, 249

as heritable, 146

holidays for, 190

Indians as, 11, 12, 126, 129, 146, 148

Indians as refuge for, 146-47

insurrections of, 248, 308

and liquor, 146

as loyalists, 285

manumission of, 148-49, 248, 285-86, 479

market for, 127

in mid-nineteenth century, 836, 853, 857, 858-60, 862, 863

and middle class, 551

as municipal employees, 127

in New Amsterdam/New Netherland, 31-33, 40, 44, 49, 55-56, 69, 70, 74, 126, 146

and patroonships, 28

population of, 479

in post-revolutionary New York, 281, 285-87

in prevolutionary New York, 259

as property owners, 146

in proprietary New York, 85, 88, 93

as prostitutes, 146

punishment for, 59, 93, 146, 148, 149, 156, 160, 161, 163

and radicals, 553

and rebellion of 1712, 148-49, 164

and religion, 184

and republicanism, 553

and Republicans, 853, 858-60, 862

in revolutionary New York, 228, 229, 231, 235

rights and privileges of, 32, 85, 146

runaway, 146-47, 248, 249, 250, 259, 285, 560-62, 857

as servants, 127-28, 287

in 1790s and early 1800s, 375

and 1641 incident, 32-33

slave codes lor, 146, 148-49, 286

stereotypes of, 490

as Tories, 248

of Tories, 281, 286

and violence, 147-49

weddings of, 128

and West India Company, 149

from West Indies, 147, 165

in western territories, 853

and Whigs, 561

women as, 56, 184, 287

and working class, 553-56. See also Abolitionism

Colonization

Emancipation

Slave trade

specific organization or location, e.g. Long Island

Slide Club, 1143-44, 1164

Slums: in 1830s, 554, 593

and fire fighting, 363

in late nineteenth century, 1172, 1174-76, 1180, 1181, 1182, 1226

in mid-nineteenth century, 620, 773, 774, 784-88, 789-00

in 1790s and early 1800s, 363, 382. See also Five Points

Slyck Steegh (Mill Lane), 60

Smith and Dimon yard, 466, 651

Smith (William) Street, 171

Smith’s Fly Boys, 162, 164

Smith’s Street Lane, 88

Smit’s Vly (foot of Maiden Lane), 30, 54, 88

Smuggling, 121-22, 123, 169, 191, 195, 196, 201

Snowden Family Band, 863

Social Darwinism, 979

Social Gospel: and charity, 1176-79

and Christian Radicals, 1171-73

and Creed into Deed philosophy, 1173-74

emergence of, 1170-71

and government, 1183-84

literature about, 1179-80

and photography, 1181, 1182

and Realists, 1179-80

and Riis, 1180-83

and settlements, 1174-76, 1181

Social life: and anti-Semitism, 1088

of blacks, 249

and British occupation of New York, 247-48, 249

and class issues, 952

and clubs, 954

and “disreputable women,” 955-59

and gambling, 954-55

and history of New York, 1083

and horse racing, 953-54

and horses, 952-55

in late nineteenth century, 951-65

and New York as federal capital, 301, 304

and newspapers, 1153-54

in post-revolutionary New York, 301

and show girls, 955-56

and wealth, 951-52, 959-63. See also Entertainment

Theater

Social organizations, 491-92. See also Philanthropy

specific organization

Social Reform Club, 1176

Social Reform Halle, 766

The Social Register, 1073, 1088

Social Revolutionary Club, 1096-97

Social sciences, 979, 1161, 1178

Socialism: Christian, 1179

and Consolidation, 1236

and economy, 1186

and elections of 1886, 1100

Fabian, 1179

and feminism, 801