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sewers, rapid transit, and parks. Urban expansion: upper Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. Rapid transit and Brooklyn Bridge. Downtown business districts: finance, rails, communication, Ladies' Mile, and the Radio.

54. Haut Monde and Demimonde The wealthy fashion a culture of extravagantpleasure, modeled on the lifestyle of Parisian aristocrats (plus a dash of Dodge City).

55. The Professional-Managerial Class The middle class expands in size, deepens in self-awareness, elaborates distinctive patterns of domesticity, education, religion, amusement, and politics.

56. Eight Hours for What We Will The laboring classes at work, at home, at play. Resurgent union, radical, and nationalist movements.

57. The New York Commune? The Tweed Ring toppled in early 1870s, for running up a massive municipal debt and for failing, at a time when the Paris Commune has unnerved local elites, to “manage” the Irish working class (as evidenced in the bloody Orange riots along Eighth Avenue).

58. Work or Bread! The boom collapses in 1873, pitching the city into long-liveddepression. Working class demands for unemployed assistance, paced by Germansocialists, are met by grim assertion of order at Tompkins Square, and cutbacks in welfare.

PART FIVE INDUSTRIAL CENTER AND CORPORATE COMMAND POST(1880-1898)

59. Manhattan, Inc. The economy revives. New York facilitatesnational industrialization, spawns corporate economy. Banks, exchanges, trade, advertising, marketing, communication flourish, housed in ever tallercommercial buildings.

60. Bright Lights, Big City T. A. Edison, J. P. Morgan, and the electrification of the city.

61. Châteaux Society New industrial and financial elites gatecrash oldmercantile society. Manhattan Medici create lavish upper-class order, forgegenteel cultural institutions.

62. “The Leeches Must Go!” Henry George's 1886 mayoralty campaign. Irish nationalists, German socialists, radical priests, and unionists vs. Tammany Hall, Catholic hierarchy, and propertied reformers.

63. The New Immigrants Jews, Italians, Chinese.

64. That's Entertainment! The Broadway stage, Pulitzer, vaudeville, Tin Pan Alley, boxing, baseball, Coney Island. New York generates culturalcommodities, hawks them to the nation.

65. Purity Crusade Henry George militancy and burgeoning immigrantquarters rouse middle-class reporters, writers, ministers. Genteel reformersuphold decency, oppose sin—-particularly prostitution and saloons.

66. Social Gospel Salvation Army, Crane, Charity Organization Society, the institutional church, YWCA, ethical culture, settlement houses, Howells and Crane, Jacob Riis.

67. Good Government Collapse of the economy in 1893. Genteel andbusiness reformers capture City Hall in 1894. Eastern sound-money forces, headquartered in NYC, beat back western challenge to corporate order in 1896 presidential campaign.

68. Splendid Little War Teddy Roosevelt, José Marti, William Randolph Hearst, and Empire as Rx for depression.

69. Imperial City Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island consolidate—not without acrimony—-forming Greater New York.

References

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Acknowledgments

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Footnotes

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