Gulag_ A History - Anne Applebaum [349]
56. Shreider, p. 5.
57. Lynne Viola makes this point about kulak exiles.
58. See Applebaum, “A History of Horror,” for more details.
Part One: The Origins of the Gulag, 1917–1939
1: Bolshevik Beginnings
1. From Stekla vechnosti, pp. 172–73.
2. Likhachev, Vospominania, p. 118.
3. Pipes, pp. 336–37.
4. See, for example, Service, Lenin.
5. Pipes, pp. 439–505; Figes, pp. 474–551.
6. Geller, pp. 23 and 24.
7. Jakobson, pp. 18–26.
8. Dekrety, vol. II, pp. 241–42, and vol. III, p. 80. Also Geller, p. 10; Pipes, pp. 793–800.
9. Jakobson, pp. 18–26; Decree “On Revolutionary Tribunals,” in Sbornik, December 19, 1917, pp. 9–10.
10. Hoover, Melgunov Collection, Box 1, Folder 63.
11. Okhotin and Roginsky, p. 13.
12. RGASPI, 76/3/1 and 13.
13. Jakobson, pp. 10–17; Okhotin and Roginsky, pp. 10–24.
14. Dekrety, vol. I, p. 401.
15. Hoover, Melgunov Collection, Box 1, Folder 4.
16. Anonymous, Vo vlasti Gubcheka, pp. 3–11.
17. Hoover, Melgunov Collection, Box 1, Folder 4.
18. Lockhart, pp. 326–45.
19. S. G. Eliseev, “Tyuremnyi dnevnik,” in Uroki, pp. 17–19.
20. Okhotin and Roginsky, p. 11.
21. Geller, p. 43.
22. Ibid., p. 44; Leggett, p. 103.
23. Initially, the Cheka were put in charge of the camps in conjunction with the Central Collegium for War Prisoners and Refugees (Tsentroplenbezh ). Okhotin and Roginskii, p. 11.
24. Leggett, p. 108.
25. Decree “On Red Terror,” in Sbornik, September 5, 1918, p. 11.
26. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism, p. 13.
27. Istorichesky Arkhiv, no. 1, 1958, pp. 6–11; Geller, p. 52.
28. According to the historian Richard Pipes, Lenin did not want his name associated with these first camps, which is why the decrees were issued not by the Sovnarkom, a body he chaired, but by the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets (Pipes, p. 834).
29. Dekrety, vol. V, pp. 69–70 and 174–81.
30. RGASPI, 76/3/65.
31. Hoover, Melgunov Collection, Box 11, Folder 63.
32. Anonymous, Vo vlasti Gubcheka, pp. 47–53.
33. Izgoev, p. 36.
34. Bunyan, pp. 54–65.
35. Geller, pp. 55–64; Bunyan, pp. 54–114.
36. Okhotin and Roginsky, pp. 11–12; see also Jakobson for a full account of the institutional changes in the 1920s, as well as Lin.
37. RGASPI, 17/84/585.
38. For examples of these discussions see Hoover, Fond 89, 73/25, 26, and 27.
39. Volkogonov, Lenin, p. 179.
40. Service, Lenin, p. 186.
41. Hoover, Nicolaevsky Collection, Box 9, Folder 1.
42. Ibid., Box 99; RGASPI, Fond 76/3/87; Genrikh Yagoda, p. 265.
43. Razgon, p. 266.
44. Hoover, Nicolaevsky Collection, Box 99.
45. Ibid.
46. Letters from Russian Prisons, pp. 1–15.
47. Ibid., pp. 20–28.
48. Ibid., pp. 162–65.
49. Ibid.; Melnik and Soshina.
50. Letters from Russian Prisons, pp. 162–65.
51. Melnik and Soshina.
52. RGASPI, 17/84/395.
53. Doloi.
54. Guberman, pp. 72–74.
55. Bertha Babina-Nevskaya, “My First Prison, February 1922,” in Vilensky, Till My Tale Is Told, pp. 97–109.
56. RGASPI, 76/3/149.
57. RGASPI, 76/3/227; Hoover, Fond 89, 73/25, 26, and 27.
2: “The First Camp of the Gulag”
1. Ekran, no. 12, March 27, 1926.
2. For a description of the geography of Solovetsky, the various islands, and their development, see Melnik, Soshina, Reznikova, and Reznikov.
3. “Solovetskaya monastyrskaya tyurma,” Solovetskoe Obshchestvo Kraevedeniya, Vypusk, VII, 1927 (SKM).
4. Ivan Bogov, Izvestiya Arkhgubrevkoma i arkhbubkoma RKP (b) , May 4, 1920 (SKM); also quoted in Juri Brodsky, p. 13.
5. GARF, 5446/1/2. See also Nasedkin’s reference to Dzerzhinsky in GARF, 9414/1/77.
6. For example, see Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. II, pp. 25–70.
7. See Jakobson for an account of the prison systems of the 1920s.
8. GARF, 9414/1/77.
9. Juri Brodsky, pp. 30–31; Olitskaya, vol. I, pp. 237–40; Malsagov, pp. 117–31.
10. Olitskaya, pp. 237–40.
11. Hoover, Nicolaevsky Collection, Box 99; and Hoover, Fond 89, 73/34.
12. Letters from Russian Prisons, pp. 165–171.
13. Juri Brodsky, p. 194.
14. Shiryaev, pp. 30–37.
15. Volkov, p. 53.
16. Juri Brodsky, p. 65.
17. Likhachev, Kniga bespokoistv, pp. 98–100.
18. Juri Brodsky,