Hiroshima_ The World's Bomb - Andrew J. Rotter [194]
8. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 35.
9. Ibid. 34.
10. Robert Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists, trans. James Cleugh (San Diego: Harcourt, 1958), 5—6, 8—9; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 104—33; Dower, Japan in War and Peace, 64.
11. Fermi, Atoms for the World, 42.
12. R. E. Peierls, Atomic Histories (Woodbury, NY: American Institute of Physics, 1997), 45.
13. Victor Lefebure, The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War (New York: Chemical Foundation, 1923), 31; Amos A. Fries and Clarence J. West, Chemical Warfare (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1921), 13.
14. L. F. Haber, The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 24—7, 34.
15. Otto Hahn, My Life: The Autobiography of a Scientist, trans. Ernst Kaiser and Eithne Wilkins (New York: Herder and Herder, 1970), 118-19, 128-30; Edward M. Spiers, Chemical Warfare (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 14.
16. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 92—3; Lefebure, Riddle of the Rhine, 68; Hahn, My Life, 120; Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 24, 107, 192—3.
17. Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 22—3, 45, 51—3, 290.
18. Fries and West, Chemical Warfare, 6, 38, 141; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 100—1; Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 134; Lefebure, Riddle of the Rhine, 176—7.
19. Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 239, 292—4, 307—8; Spiers, Chemical Warfare, 38.
20. Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 235—6; Spiers, Chemical Warfare, 22; Fries and West, Chemical Warfare, 127; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 94.
21. Spiers, Chemical Warfare, 39—40; Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 248—9, 299; Fries and West, Chemical Warfare, 371.
22. Spiers, Chemical Warfare, 4, 17; Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 292.
23. Hahn, My Life, 118; Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 2, 126, 138; Lefebure, Riddle of the Rhine, 237—41.
24. Kevles, The Physicists, 146—7; Hahn, My Life, 131—2.
25. Hahn, My Life, 131—2; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 95.
26. Haber, Poisonous Cloud, 26; http://www.energyquest.ugov/scientists/curie/ html, accessed 28 Sept. 2005.
27. Etel Solingen, ed., Scientists and the State: Domestic Structures and the International Context (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), 6.
28. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939— 1956 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 10.
29. Paul R. Josephson, ‘The Political Economy of Soviet Science from Lenin to Gorbachev’, in Solingen, Scientists and the State, 146—51.
30. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, 39—40.
31. Ibid. 40—4, 47; Josephson, ‘Political Economy’, 151 —2. See also Thomas B. Cochran, Robert S. Norris, and Oleg Bukharin, Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).
32. Kevles, The Physicists, pp. ix, 112, 118—31, 138; Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962), 22.
33. Kevles, The Physicists, 132-3, 148.
34. Ibid. 173-5.
35. Ibid. 238-9, 250-1.
36. Marshall Cohen, ‘Moral Skepticism and International Relations’, in Charles R. Beitz, Marshall Cohen, Thomas Scanlon, and A. John Simmons, eds., International Ethics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 3-5. See also Robert Westbrook, Why We Fought: Forging American Obligations in World War II (Washington: Smithsonian Books, 2004).
37. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, 1977), 21.
38. Gilpin, American Scientists, 26.
39. Ibid. 27-8; R. W. Clark, The Greatest Power on Earth: The International Race for Nuclear Supremacy (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), 44; Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 201; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 675.
40. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, 264-5.
CHAPTER TWO: GREAT BRITAIN: REFUGEES, AIR POWER, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF THE BOMB
1. H. G. Wells, The World Set Free (Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1914).
2. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus (London: