Hiroshima_ The World's Bomb - Andrew J. Rotter [200]
47. Henry DeWolf Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: The Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940—1945 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989 [1945]), 210, 212; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 241—9; Wyden, Day One, 98—9, 103—5; Groves, Now it Can Be Told, 260; Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, 84.
48. Groves, Now it Can Be Told, 151—3; Lamont, Day of Trinity, 74—5, 84; Harlow W Russ, Project Alberta: The Preparation of the Atomic Bombs for Use in World War II (Los Alamos, NM: Exceptional Books, 1990), 8; Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 566—7; Kevles, The Physicists, 330; R. R. Wilson, ‘A Recruit for Los Alamos’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 31 /3 (Mar. 1975), 41—7.
49. Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, 201—2; Lamont, Day of Trinity, 226; Robert R. Wilson, ‘The Conscience of a Physicist’, in R. S. Lewis and June Wilson, eds., Alamogordo plus Twenty-Five Years: The Impact of Atomic Energy on Science, Technology, and World Politics (New York: Viking Press, 1970), 72—3; Fermi, Atoms in the Family, 242.
50. Wyden, Day One, 50—1, 207, 212—13; Gerard J. DeGroot, The Bomb: A History of Hell on Earth (London: Pimlico, 2005), 58.
51. Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 86—7, 104—5; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 206—7; DeGroot, The Bomb, 58; Leslie R. Groves, ‘Some Recollections of July 16, 1945’, in Lewis and Wilson, Alamogordo Plus Twenty-Five Years, 54.
52. Wyden, Day One, 16, 98; Interim Committee Minutes, 31 May 1945, in Cantelon, Hewitt, and Williams, American Atom, 43 ; Groves, Now it Can Be Told, 269.
53. Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, 382—6; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 206—7.
54. Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, 86—7, 184—5; Lamont, Day of Trinity, 85 —6.
chapter five: the united states II
1. Robert R. Wilson, ‘The Conscience of a Physicist’, in Richard S. Lewis and Jane Wilson with Eugene Rabinowitch, eds., Alamogordo plus Twenty-Five Years: The Impact of Atomic Energy on Science, Technology, and World Politics (New York: Viking, 1970), 73.
2. Samuel McCrea Cavert to Harry S. Truman, 9 Aug. 1945, and Truman to Cavert, 11 Aug. 1945, in Dennis Merrill, ed., Documentary History of the Truman Presidency, i. The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb on Japan (Washington: University Publications of America, 1995), 213—14.
3. Both quotations, conjoined as if from the same source, appear twice in Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam (expanded and updated edn., New York: Penguin, 1985 [1965]), 14, 284-5.
4. Such is the nub of Alperovitz’s argument for ‘atomic diplomacy’. Note that both Eisenhower statements were made, and thus both recollections came, long after the bombs had been dropped; see Barton J. Bernstein, ‘Ike and Hiroshima! Did He Oppose It?’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 10/3 (Sept. 1987), 377-89.
5. Henry L. Stimson, ‘The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb’, Harper’s (Feb. 1947), 97-107.
6. Michael S. Sherry, The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 39; Ronald Schaffer, Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World Wjr II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 36.
7. Sherry, Rise of American Air Power, 57—60, 67; Schaffer, Wings of Judgment, 32, 36—7; William O’Neill, A Democracy at Wjr (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 306. There is some evidence that Germans distinguished between American and British bombing strategy early in the war, and had greater regard for the former. See Conrad Crane, Bombs, Cities, and Civilians: American Airpower Strategy in World War II (Lawrence, KS: University ofKansas Press, 1993), 11.
8. Schaffer, Wings of Judgment, 37—8; Sherry, Rise of American Air Power, 100; Tami Davis Biddle, Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914—1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 208—9.
9. Schaffer, Wings of Judgment, 38—9; Sherry, Rise of American Air