Hiroshima_ The World's Bomb - Andrew J. Rotter [222]
In the early 1990s the Russians briefly opened archives to scholars, with the result being the publication soon afterwards of a number of impressive books on Soviet policy, atomic and otherwise. Study of the Soviet bomb project begins and practically ends with Holloway’s Stalin and the Bomb. Rhodes’s Dark Sun came out in !995; Rhodes acknowledged a significant debt to Holloway’s book, but added much detail, particularly concerning the role of the atomic spies who contributed to the Soviet project. Also useful on this subject are Arnold Kramish, Atomic Energy in the Soviet Union (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959); Thomas B. Cochrane, Robert S. Norris, and Oleg A. Bukharin, Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yeltsin (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995); J. W Boag, P. E. Rubinin, and D. Shoenberg, eds., Kapitza in Cambridge and Moscow: Life and Letters of a Russian Physicist (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1990); Andrei Sakharov, Memoirs, trans. Richard Lourie (New York: Random House, 1990); and Yuli Khariton and Yuri Smirnov, ‘The Khariton Version’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 49/4 (May 1993), 20—31.
The same brief opening of Soviet-era records produced a flurry of studies of espionage, many of them fetishistic in their obsessions and ambitious, in several cases reckless, in scope. The best of these include Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America: The Stalin Era (New York: Random House, 1999); John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Nigel West, Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War (London: HarperCollins, 1999); and Joshua Rubenstein and Alexander Gribanov, The KGB File of Andrei Sakharov (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005). See also Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (New York: HarperCollins, 1990); Pavel Sudoplatov and Anatoli Sudoplatov, with Jerrold L. and Leona P. Schecter, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness: A Soviet Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994); Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel, Bombshell: The Secret Story of America’s Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy (New York: Times Books, 1:997); Alexander Feklisov and Sergei Kostin, The Man behind the Rosenbergs (New York: Enigma Books, 2001); Jerrold Schecter and Leona Schecter, Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History (Washington: Brassey’s, 2002).
The development of the arms race between the Cold War superpowers is the subject ofJames Chace, ‘Sharing the Atomic Bomb’, Foreign Affairs, 75/1 (Jan./Feb. 1:996), 129—44; John H. Barton and Lawrence D. Weiler, eds., International Arms Control: Issues and Agreements (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976); Gerard H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek, Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States, 1940—1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1984); John B. Harris and Eric Markusen, eds., Nuclear Weapons and the Threat of Nuclear War (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1986); David E. Lilienthal, Change, Hope, and the Bomb (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963); and Hans A. Bethe, The Road from Los Alamos (New York: American Institute of Physics, 1991). On nuclear testing, see Robert Divine, Blowing on the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate 1954—1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); John G. Fuller, The Day We Bombed Utah: America's Most Lethal Secret (New York: New American Library, 1984); and Howard Ball, Justice Downwind: America’s Atomic