History of Western Philosophy - Bertrand Russell [1]
14 Plato's Utopia
15 The Theory of Ideas
16 Plato's Theory of Immortality
17 Plato's Cosmogony
18 Knowledge and Perception in Plato
19 Aristotle's Metaphysics
20 Aristotle's Ethics
21 Aristotle's Politics
22 Aristotle's Logic
23 Aristotle's Physics
24 Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy
PART III Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle
25 The Hellenistic World
26 Cynics and Sceptics
27 The Epicureans
28 Stoicism
29 The Roman Empire in Relation to Culture
30 Plotinus
BOOK TWO Catholic Philosophy
Introduction
PART I The Fathers
1 The Religious Development of the Jews
2 Christianity During the First Four Centuries
3 Three Doctors of the Church
4 St Augustine's Philosophy and Theology
5 The Fifth and Sixth Centuries
6 St Benedict and Gregory the Great
PART II The Schoolmen
7 The Papacy in the Dark Ages
8 John the Scot
9 Ecclesiastical Reform in the Eleventh Century
10 Mohammedan Culture and Philosophy
11 The Twelfth Century
12 The Thirteenth Century
13 St Thomas Aquinas
14 Franciscan Schoolmen
15 The Eclipse of the Papacy
BOOK THREE Modern Philosophy
PART I From the Renaissance to Hume
1 General Characteristics
2 The Italian Renaissance
3 Machiavelli
4 Erasmus and More
5 The Reformation and Counter-Reformation
6 The Rise of Science
7 Francis Bacon
8 Hobbes's Leviathan
9 Descartes
10 Spinoza
11 Leibniz
12 Philosophical Liberalism
13 Locke's Theory of Knowledge
14 Locke's Political Philosophy
15 Locke's Influence
16 Berkeley
17 Hume
Part II From Rousseau to the Present Day
18 The Romantic Movement
19 Rousseau
20 Kant
21 Currents of Thought in the Nineteenth Century
22 Hegel
23 Byron
24 Schopenhauer
25 Nietzsche
26 The Utilitarians
27 Karl Marx
28 Bergson
29 William James
30 John Dewey
31 The Philosophy of Logical Analysis
INDEX
* * *
PREFACE
A few words of apology and explanation are called for if this book is to escape even more severe censure than it doubtless deserves.
Apology is due to the specialists on various schools and individual philosophers. With the possible exception of Leibniz, every philosopher of whom I treat is better known to some others than to me. If, however, books covering a wide field are to be written at all, it is inevitable, since we are not immortal, that those who write such books should spend less time on any one part than can be spent by a man who concentrates on a single author or a brief period. Some, whose scholarly austerity is unbending, will conclude that books covering a wide field should not be written at all, or, if written, should consist of monographs by a multitude of authors. There is, however, something lost when many authors co-operate. If there is any unity in the movement of history, if there is any intimate relation between what goes before and what comes later, it is necessary, for setting this forth, that earlier and later periods should be synthesized in a single mind. The student of Rousseau may have difficulty in doing justice to his connection with the Sparta of Plato and Plutarch; the historian of Sparta may not be prophetically conscious of Hobbes and Fichte and Lenin. To bring out such relations is one of the purposes of this book, and it is a purpose which only a wide survey can fulfil.
There are many histories of philosophy, but none of them, so far as I know, has quite the purpose that I have set myself. Philosophers are both effects and causes: effects of their social circumstances and of the politics and institutions of their time; causes (if they are fortunate) of beliefs which mould the politics and institutions of later ages. In most histories of philosophy, each philosopher appears as in a vacuum; his opinions are set forth unrelated except, at most, to those of earlier philosophers. I have tried, on the contrary, to exhibit each philosopher, as far as truth permits, as an outcome of his milieu, a man in whom were crystallized and concentrated thoughts and feelings which, in a vague and diffused form, were common to the community of which he was a part.
This has required the