Hope's Edge_ The Next Diet for a Small Planet - Frances Moore Lappe [158]
26. Impact of Market Concentration on Rising Food Prices, op. cit.
PART II.
DIET FOR A SMALL PLANET
Chapter 1. One Less Hamburger?
1. Food and Agriculture Organization, Production Yearbook, Rome, 1979.
2. World Hunger, Health, and Refugee Problems, Summary of a Special Study Mission to Asia and the Middle East (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 99.
3. Letter from Dr. Marcel Ganzin, Director, Food Policy and Nutrition Division, FAO, Rome, April 1976.
4. Calculations based on Food and Agriculture Organization, Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, 1974; Production Yearbook, 1974 and 1975; and Trade Yearbook, 1975. For a complete discussion see Chapter 11, Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity (Ballantine Books, 1979).
5. Food and Agriculture Organization, Report on the 1960 World Census of Agriculture, Rome, 1971. (And since then, landholdings in most countries have become even more concentrated.)
6. Food and Agriculture Organization, State of Food and Agriculture, 1978, Rome, pp. 66–71.
7. Ho Kwon Ping, “Profit and Poverty in the Plantations,” Far Eastern Economic Review, July 11, 1980, pp. 53 ff.
8. James Parsons, “Forest to Pasture: Development or Destruction?” Revista de Biologia Tropical, vol. 24, Supplement 1, 1976, p. 124.
9. The first part of Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity by Frances Moore Lappé and Joseph Collins (Ballantine, 1979), discusses the reasons behind the high birthrates in the third world and includes references to many excellent sources.
10. U.S. Agency for International Development, Congressional Presentation, Fiscal Year 1980, p. 128.
Chapter 2. Like Driving a Cadillac
1. Raw Materials in the United States Economy 1900–1977; Technical Paper 47, prepared under contract by Vivian Eberle Spencer, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Interior Bureau of Mines, p. 3.
2. Ibid. Table 2, p. 86.
3. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Livestock Production Units, 1910–1961, Statistical Bulletin No. 325, p. 18, and Agricultural Statistics, 1980, p. 56. Current world imports from FAO At Work, newsletter of the liaison office for North America of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, May 1981.
4. David Pimentel et al., “The Potential for Grass-Fed Livestock: Resource Constraints,” Science, February 22, 1980, volume 207, pp. 843 ff.
5. David Pimentel, “Energy and Land Constraints in Food Protein Production,” Science, November 21, 1975, pp. 754 ff.
6. Robert R. Oltjen, “Tomorrow’s Diets for Beef Cattle,” The Science Teacher, vol. 38, no. 3, March 1970.
7. The amount varies depending on the price of grain, but 2,200 to 2,500 pounds is typical. See note 13 for more detailed explanation of grain feeding.
8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Cattle Feeding in the United States, Agricultural Economics, Report No. 186, 1970, p. 5.
9. Ibid. p. iv.
10. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics, 1979 and 1980, Tables 76 & 77.
11. Norman Borlaug in conversation with Frances Moore Lappé, April 1974.
12. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics, 1980, Table 76.
13. How many pounds of grain and soy are consumed by the American steer to get 1 pound of edible meat?
(a) The total forage (hay, silage, grass) consumed: 12,000 pounds (10,000 pre-feedlot and 2,000 in feedlot). The total grain- and soy-type concentrate consumed: about 2,850 pounds (300 pounds grain and 50 pounds soy before feedlot, plus 2,200 pounds grain and 300 pounds soy in feedlot). Therefore, the actual percent of total feed units from grain and soy is about 25 percent.
(b) But experts estimate that the grain and soy contribute more to weight gain (and, therefore, to ultimate meat produced) than their