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How God Changes Your Brain - Andrew Newberg, M. D_ [153]

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SA, Greenberg BD, Foote KD, Goodman WK. What's in a “smile?” Intra-operative observations of contralateral smiles induced by deep brain stimulation. Neurocase. 2004 Aug;10(4):271–9.

13. Moody EJ, McIntosh DN, Mann LJ, Weisser KR. More than mere mimicry? The influence of emotion on rapid facial reactions to faces. Emotion. 2007 May;7(2):447–57.

Falkenberg I, Bartels M, Wild B. Keep smiling! Facial reactions to emotional stimuli and their relationship to emotional contagion in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Feb 23.

O'Doherty J, Winston J, Critchley H, Perrett D, Burt DM, Dolan RJ. Beauty in a smile: the role of medial orbitofrontal cortex in facial attractiveness. Neuropsychologia. 2003;41(2):147–55.

14. Finzi E, Wasserman E. Treatment of depression with botulinum toxin A: a case series. Dermatol Surg. 2006 May;32(5):645–9. This study was highly criticized by Alastair Carruthers, president of the American Society for Der-matologic Surgery, because of the brief follow-up period, small number of participants, lack of a comparison group, and the use of the patient's subjective reports. In other words, it may be a placebo effect brought about by the patient's belief that a prettier face will improve social interactions, thus promising a more optimistic future. On the other hand, any interruption of a behavior associated with negative mood may alter neural circuits that generate that mood.

15. Wild B, Rodden FA, Rapp A, Erb M, Grodd W, Ruch W. Humor and smiling: cortical regions selective for cognitive, affective, and volitional components. Neurology. 2006 Mar 28;66(6):887–93.

16. Bartolo A, Benuzzi F, Nocetti L, Baraldi P, Nichelli P. Humor comprehension and appreciation: an FMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2006 Nov;18(11): 1789–98.

17. Moran JM, Wig GS, Adams RB Jr, Janata P, Kelley WM. Neural correlates of humor detection and appreciation. Neuroimage. 2004 Mar;21(3):1055–60.

Watson KK, Matthews BJ, Allman JM. Brain activation during sight gags and language-dependent humor. Cereb Cortex. 2007 Feb;17(2):314–24.

18. Hayashi T, Tsujii S, Iburi T, Tamanaha T, Yamagami K, Ishibashi R, Hori M, Sakamoto S, Ishii H, Murakami K. Laughter up-regulates the genes related to NK cell activity in diabetes. Biomed Res. 2008 Dec;28(6):281–5.

Hayashi T, Urayama O, Hori M, Sakamoto S, Nasir UM, Iwanaga S, Hayashi K, Suzuki F, Kawai K, Murakami K. Laughter modulates prorenin receptor gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Psychosom Res. 2007 Jun;62(6):703–6.

Hayashi T, Urayama O, Kawai K, Hayashi K, Iwanaga S, Ohta M, Saito T, Murakami K. Laughter regulates gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Psychother Psychosom. 2006;75(1):62–5. Erratum in: Psychother Psychosom. 2006;75(2):106.

Bennett MP, Zeller JM, Rosenberg L, McCann J. The effect of mirthful laughter on stress and natural killer cell activity. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003 Mar–Apr;9(2):38–45.

Takahashi K, Iwase M, Yamashita K, Tatsumoto Y, Ue H, Kuratsune H, Shimizu A, Takeda M. The elevation of natural killer cell activity induced by laughter in a crossover designed study. Int J Mol Med. 2001 Dec;8(6):645–50.

19. Mitterschiffthaler MT, Fu CH, Dalton JA, Andrew CM, Williams SC. A functional MRI study of happy and sad affective states induced by classical music. Hum Brain Mapp. 2007 Nov;28(11):1150–62.

Blood AJ, Zatorre RJ. Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Sep 25;98(20):11818–23.

20. Gallagher LM, Lagman R, Walsh D, Davis MP, Legrand SB. The clinical effects of music therapy in palliative medicine. Support Care Cancer. 2006 Aug;14(8):859–66.

21. Jacobs R, Harvey AS, Anderson V. Executive function following focal frontal lobe lesions: impact of timing of lesion on outcome. Cortex. 2007 Aug;43(6):792–805.

Counts SE, Nadeem M, Lad SP, Wuu J, Mufson EJ. Differential expression of synaptic proteins in the frontal and temporal cortex of elderly subjects with mild cognitive

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