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8. Scioto Gazette, August 17, 1831.

9. “Attorney General Opinion,” Message of the Governor of Ohio at the Second Session of the Thirty-third General Assembly (Columbus, OH: James B. Gardiner, 1835), 39.

10. Monroe Sentinel (Michigan), reprinted in Cleveland Herald, July 23, 1835.

11. Hemans, Life and Times, 423–44.

Robert Lucas

1. Robert Lucas to William Kendall, in “Biography of Robert Lucas by a Citizen of Columbus,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications 17 (1908): 167–68.

2. In the first case, which involved New York and New Jersey, New York boycotted the proceedings. The second, between Massachusetts and Rhode Island, came before the court in 1834, and not until 1838—the year Lucas became governor—did it finally decide how to rule on it. New Jersey v. New York, 30 U.S. 5 Pet. 284 (1831); Rhode Island v. Massachusetts, 37 U.S. 12 Pet. 657 (1838).

3. Ohio Statesman (Columbus), November 22, 1839.

4. Missouri Argus (St. Louis), November 29, 1839.

5. Claude S. Larzelere, Harlow Lindley, and Bernard C. Steiner, “The Iowa-Missouri Dispute Boundary,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3, no. 1 (June 1916): 80–81.

Daniel Webster

1. Wendell Phillips, Speeches, Lectures, and Letters (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1894), 45.

2. Maryland Gazette and Political Intelligencer (Annapolis), May 23, 1822.

3. Bangor Register (Maine), April 6, 1826.

4. J. Chris Arndt, “Maine in the Northeastern Boundary Controversy: States’ Rights in Antebellum New England,” New England Quarterly 62, no. 2 (June 1989): 205–23; Boston Courier, January 16, 1832.

5. Maurice G. Baxter, One and Inseparable: Daniel Webster and the Union (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984), 41, 276–77, 285, 502; Irving H. Bartlett, Daniel Webster (New York: Norton, 1978), 200–207, 281–86.

6. Wilfred Ellsworth Binkley and Malcolm Charles Moos, A Grammar of American Politics: The National Government (New York: Knopf, 1949), 265.

7. Ephraim Douglass Adams, “Lord Ashburton and the Treaty of Washington,” American Historical Review 17, no. 4 (July 1912): 779.

8. Arndt, “Maine,” 219–220; George Ticknor Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, 5th ed., vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1893), 278–83; Richard N. Current, “Webster’s Propaganda and the Ashburton Treaty,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 34, no. 2 (September 1947): 189.

9. Current, “Webster’s Propaganda,” 189; Arndt, “Maine,” 221; J. P. D. Dunbahin, “Red Lines of the Maps: The Impact of Cartographical Errors on the Border between the United States and British North America,” Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 50 (1998): 105–25; Lawrence Martin and Samuel Flagg Bemis, “Franklin’s Red-Line Map Was a Mitchell,” New England Quarterly 10, no. 1 (March 1937): 105–11.

10. Machias Seal Island, between the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy, remains under dispute to this day. See Paul Schmidt, “Machias Seal Island: A Geopolitical Anomaly” (master’s thesis, University of Vermont, 1991), http://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/online/Schmidt.htm.

11. “An Account of the Post-Mortem Examination of the late Hon. Daniel Webster,” New York Journal of Medicine (1853): 281.

12. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 2 (New York: Hearst’s International Library, 1914), 557.

James K. Polk

1. Hans Sperber, “ ‘Fifty-Four Forty or Fight’: Facts and Fictions,” American Speech 32, no. 1 (February 1957): 5–11; Edwin A. Miles, “ ‘Fifty-Four Forty or Fight’: An American Political Legend,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 44, no. 2 (September 1957): 291–309.

2. Translated in The Liberator (Boston), May 23, 1845.

3. Walter R. Borneman, Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America (New York: Random House, 2008), 194–96.

4. R. L. Schuyler, “Polk and the Oregon Compromise,” Political Science Quarterly 26, no. 3 (September 1911): 460–61.

Robert M. T. Hunter

1. Robert M. T. Hunter, Speech on the Subject of the Retrocession of Alexandria to Virginia in the House of Representatives, May 8, 1846 (Alexandria: Printed