and deployment, 6.9, 12.1; sends material aid to Germany, 6.10; early German successes and advance, 6.11, 6.12, 7.3; atrocities against Germans, 6.13; executions for supposed cowardice or desertion, 6.14, 7.4, 7.5, 12.2, 13.1; patriotic enthusiasm and resolution, 6.15, 6.16, 7.6; factories evacuated to east, 6.17; Jews slaughtered by Nazis, 6.18; total mobilisation, 6.19; ethnic deportations, 6.20; wartime industrial output, 6.21, 12.3, 26.2; casualties, 6.22, 7.7, 7.8, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 18.1, 21.1, 26.3; partisan movement and actions, 6.23, 24.1, 21.2; German collaborators in, 6.24; difficult terrain and weather, 6.25, 7.9; Hitler speculates on breach with Western Powers, 6.26; inept tactics, 7.10; mounts offensive (December 1942), 7.11; condition of German soldiers in, 7.12; Model repels Red Army, 7.13; prisoners of war ill-treated by Germans, 7.14, 20.1, 20.2; quality of artillery, 7.15; underestimated by Germans, 7.16; ruthlessness, 7.17; British popular support and admiration for, 7.18; neutrality pact with Japan (1941), 8.1; skirmish with Japan (Nomonhan Incident, 1939), 8.2; and U.S. war plans, 8.3; Allied supplies to, 8.4, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.4, 12.5; size of battlefields and forces, 10.1; Arctic convoys to, 11.4; unwelcoming reception of visiting Allied sailors, 11.5; religious revival, 12.6; renewed German gains, 12.7; German rations in, 12.8; releases prisoners for war service, 12.9; soldiers’ suffering, 12.10; Western view of military situation, 12.11; secretive and uncooperative nature, 12.12; defeats under Budyonny (August 1942), 12.13; German setbacks (autumn 1942–spring 1943), 12.14, 12.15; low civilian morale, 12.16; women in action and work, 12.17, 12.18, 13.3; stoicism, 12.19; advance against Germans, 12.20, 15.3, 21.3; armaments output, 12.21, 15.4; civilians’ reaction to war, 13.4; agricultural inefficiency and food shortages, 13.5; Ultra intelligence passed to, 14.1; view of North African campaign, 14.2; civilians’ conditions and shortages, 15.5; middle-rank military weaknesses, 15.6; children’s sufferings, 15.7; soldiers’ anger at German depredations, 15.8; army deserters, 15.9; ignorance of war in remote areas, 16.1; recruits from Asian republics, 16.2; campaign in Manchuria (1945), 17.1; dominant contribution to victory, 18.2; criticises Western Allies’ sluggish ground campaigns, 18.3; air force effectiveness, 19.1; gulag and prison camps, 20.3; anti-Semitism, 20.4; renews assaults in north (winter 1943–4), 21.4; deception operations, 21.5; fighting qualities, 21.6; refuses to support Warsaw uprising, 23.1; winter offensive (1944–5), 23.2, 24.2; attack on Budapest, 24.3; casualties in Budapest, 24.4; captures Berlin, 24.5; joins war against Japan, 25.1, 25.2; displaced persons in, 26.4; repression at war’s end, 26.5; deaths in immediate postwar period, 26.6; postwar antagonism with West, 26.7; Churchill welcomes as ally, 26.8; dominates Eastern Europe, 26.9, 26.10; achieves war aims, 26.11; see also Red Army; Stalin, Josef
Spaatz, Gen. Carl (“Tooey”), 25.1, 25.2
Spain: remains neutral, 5.1, 16.1
Spanish Civil War: German Condor Legion in
special forces
Special Operations Executive (SOE): women agents, 13.1; in Albania, 16.1; in Yugoslavia, 18.1
Spectator (journal), 13.1
Speer, Albert, 19.1, 19.2, 24.1
Spicer, Tom
Spiller, Capt. Eberhard
Spooner, Rear Adm. Jack
Sprague, Rear Adm. Clifton, USN
Springett, George
Spruance, Adm. Raymond, USN, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 17.1, 17.2, 22.1, 22.2, 26.1
SS (Schutzstaffel): and Nazi Jewish policy, 20.1, 20.2
Stafilakas, Sgt. Diamantis
Stahl, Peter
Stahlberg, Alexander
Stahlecker, Police Gen. Walter
Stalin, Josef: and Jewish suffering, itr.1; pact with Nazis, 1.1, 1.2; and partition and occupation of Poland, 1.3, 1.4; as prospective ally against Germany, 1.5; early deliberate neutrality, 1.6; invades Finland, 2.1; conditions for Finnish peace, 2.2; and defeat of France, 3.1; annexes Baltic states, 3.2; territorial expansionism, 4.1; and prospective war with Germany, 6.1; ignores warnings of German invasion, 6.2; collapse and withdrawal to dacha, 6.3;