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Landau, Jacob M. The Politics of Pan-Islam: Ideology and Organization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Lane Poole, Stanley. The Moors in Spain. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911.

Lapeyre, Henri. Géographie de l’Espagne Morisque. Paris: SEVPEN, 1959.

Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Lapiedra Gutierrez, Eva. Como los Musulmanes llamaban a los Cristianos Hispanicos. Alicante: Instut de Cultura “Juan Gil-Albert,” 1997.

Laufer, Roger. “L’espace visuel du livre ancien,” Revue Française du Livre 16 (1977).

Laursen, John Christian, and Cary J. Nederman. Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.

Lea, Henry Charles. The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1901.

Lehrstuhl für Türkische Sprache, Geschichte und Kultur (ed.). The Beginnings of Printing in the Near and Middle East: Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Wiesbaden: Harassowitz Verlag, 2001.

Lewis, A. R. Nomads and Crusaders: 1000–1368. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988.

Lewis, Bernard. The Political Language of Islam. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

———. The Multiple Identities of the Middle East. New York: Schocken Books, 1999.

———. Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

———. Islam in History: Ideas, People and Events in the Middle East. Chicago, IL: Open Court, 1993.

———. “Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline,” Islamic Studies 1 (March 1962).

———. The Muslim Discovery of Europe. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982.

Liss, Peggy K. Isabel the Queen. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Lobrichon, Guy. 1099: Jérusalem conquise. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1998.

Lomax, Derek W. The Reconquest of Spain. New York: Longman, 1978.

Lourie, Elena. Crusade and Colonisation: Muslims, Christians and Jews in Medieval Aragon. Aldershot: Variorum, 1990.

Lovell, Mary S. Rebel Heart: The Scandalous Life of Jane Digby. New York: W. W. Norton, 1995.

Lowe, Lisa. Critical Terrains: French and British Orientalisms. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

Lyons, M. C. “The Land of War: Europe in the Arab Hero Cycles.” In Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy Parviz Mottahedeh (eds.), The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2001.

Lyons, Malcolm C. “The Crusading Stratum in the Arabic Hero Cycles.” In M. Shatzmiller, Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth Century Syria. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993.

Lévi-Provencal, E. La civilization Arabe en España. 4th ed. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1977.

Lynch, John. Spain 1516–1598: From Nation State to World Empire. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1991.

Mabro, Judy. Veiled Half-Truths: Western Travelers’ Perceptions of Middle Eastern Women. New York: I. B. Tauris, 1991.

Macarthy, Justin. Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims: 1821–1922. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1995.

MacKay, Angus. Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire 1000–1500. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977.

Mackenzie, G. Muir, and A. P. Irby. Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey in Europe, with a Preface by the Right Honourable W. E. Gladstone, M.P. 2 vols. 2nd ed. revised. London: Daldy Isbister and Co., 1877.

Madigan, Daniel A. The Qur’an’s Self-Image: Writing and Authority in Islam’s Scripture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.

Magris, Claudio. Danube: A Sentimental Journey from the Source to the Black Sea. Trans. Patrick Creagh. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1989.

Maier, Christopher T. Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Makdisi, Saree. Romantic Imperialism: Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Malcolm, Noel. Kosovo: A Short History. New York: HarperPerennial, 1999.

———. Bosnia: A Short History. New York: New York University