Inside Cyber Warfare - Jeffrey Carr [147]
[131] Matt Liebowitz, “Estonia Forms Volunteer Cyber Army,” Security News Daily, January 6, 2011, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.securitynewsdaily.com/estonia-forms-volunteer-cyber-army-0398/.
European Union
In November 2010 the European Union (EU) conducted its first-ever pan-European cyber war simulation. Cyber Europe 2010, as the exercise was called, included experts across Europe who worked to hone their response to attacks from hackers trying to reduce the Internet connectivity around Europe. Moreover, the stress of this environment helped test the appropriateness of contact points among the participating countries. The European Network Security Agency (ENISA) organized the cyber exercise, and all member nations—including Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland—participated.[132] In March 2011 the European Union was hacked by cyber criminals in a very similar manner to the strikes on the European Commission.[133] ENISA is planning on attending the Cyber Warfare Europe conference in September 2011.[134]
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[132] “Digital Agenda: cyber-security experts test defences in first pan-European simulation,” Europa, accessed August 30, 2011, http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/1459&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en.
[133] Tom Brewster, “European Parliament hit by cyber attack,” IT Pro, March 30, 2011, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.itpro.co.uk/632359/european-parliament-hit-by-cyber-attack.
[134] “Cyber Defence & Network Security 2012,” Cyber Defence and Network Security, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.cdans.org/Event.aspx?id=598092.
France
In 2009 France created the French Network and Information Security Agency (FNISA) to provide a national watchdog on the government’s sensitive networks that would detect and respond to cyber attacks.[135] Since then, little has been exposed about the disposition of French cyber security until March 2011, when the French finance ministry announced that it had suffered a cyber attack during the Paris G20 summit.[136] The attack targeted documents relating to the summit and other economic issues.
In August 2011, France announced its intentions to build network warfare capabilities. Cyber warfare specialists under the General Directorate of Armament (DGA) demonstrated their capabilities in September 2011 using a communications mini-drone to simulate an attack on a national communications satellite.[137] Personnel dedicated to France’s cyber warfare capabilities include 130 engineers and researchers with links to French universities, as well as US and UK cyber experts who provide advice to other French departments on improving their organic network securities. The DGA intends to grow these numbers by 30 per year for the next 30 years.[138] A major focus of the DGA is currently to develop secure networks for the French Naval Forces, including Naval Aircraft, by implementing an intranet.
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[135] Peter Sayer, “France creates new national IT security agency,” CIO, July 10, 2009, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.cio.com.au/article/310622/france_creates_new_national_it_security_agency/#closeme.
[136] “Cyber attack on France targeted Paris G20 files,” BBC News, March 7, 2011, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12662596.
[137] Pierre Tran, “France Sets Stage To Build Network Warfare Capabilities,” Defense News, August 15, 2011, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=7388378&c=FEA&s=SPE.
[138] Ibid.
Germany
Germany established a Cyber Defense Center (CDC) in June 2011 to combat the growing attacks on German networks.[139] The Cyber Defense Center is modestly staffed with six employees from the Federal Office for Information Security, two from the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution (a domestic intelligence agency), and two from the Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance. These 10 employees will eventually be joined by representatives from the Federal Police, Federal Office of Investigation, the Bundesnachrictendienst