Inside of a Dog_ What Dogs See, Smell, and Know - Alexandra Horowitz [70]
The main result of the experiment is not all that surprising: the dogs approached the friendly and avoided the unfriendly. But there's a hidden gem in the experiment. The key trial was this: How did the dogs act when a formerly friendly person suddenly acted threatening? The dogs acted variably: For some, the person was now a different kind of person altogether—an unfriendly one, her identity changed. To others, the olfactory recognition of the stranger who had been friendly trumped this new odd behavior.
These people began as strangers to the dog, but over the course of the sessions, dogs became familiar with the various people: they became "less strange." Their identity was defined in part by their smell and in part by their behavior.
ALL ABOUT YOU
The combination of dogs' attention to us and their sensory prowess is explosive. We have seen their detection of our health, our truthfulness, even our relation to one another. And they know things about us at this very moment that we might not even be able to articulate.
The results of one study indicate that dogs pick up on our hormonal levels in interaction with them. Looking at owners and dogs participating in agility trials, the researchers found a correlation between two hormones: the men's testosterone levels, and the dogs' cortisol levels. Cortisol is a stress hormone—useful for mobilizing your response to, say, flee from that ravenous lion—but also produced in conditions that are more psychologically than mortally urgent. Increases in the level of the hormone testosterone accompany many potent elements of behavior: sex drive, aggression, dominance displays. The higher the men's pre-agility-competition hormonal levels, the higher the increase in the level of stress in the dogs (if the team lost). In a sense, the dogs somehow knew that their owner's hormonal level was high, by observing behavior or through scent or both—and they "caught" the emotion themselves. In another study, dogs' cortisol levels revealed that they were even sensitive to the style of play of human playmates. Those dogs playing with people who used commands during play—telling the dog to sit, lie down, or listen—wound up with higher postplay cortisol levels; those playing with people who played more freely and with enthusiasm had lower cortisol at play's end. Dogs know, and are infected by, our intent, even in play.
Being known and predicted by our dogs is no small part of our fondness for them. If you have experienced an infant's first smile at you as you approach, you know the thrill of being recognized. Dogs are anthropologists because they study and learn about us. They observe a meaningful part of our interaction with each other—our attention, our focus, our gaze; the result is not that they can read our minds but that they recognize us and anticipate us. It makes the infant human; it makes the dog vaguely human, too.
Noble Mind
It's dawn and I try to sneak out of the room without waking Pump. I can't see her eyes, so dark they're camouflaged against her black fur. Her head rests peacefully between her legs. At the door I think I've made it—tiptoed and breath-held to avoid her radar. But then I see it: the swell of her lifted eyebrows tracking my path. She's on to me.
The dog, as we've seen, is a master looker, a skilled user of attention. Is there a thinking, plotting, reflective mind behind that look? The development of the human infant's looking into using attention marks the blossoming of the mature human mind. What does the dog's looking tell us about the dog mind? Do they think about other dogs, about themselves, about you? And the timeworn but still unanswered question of dog minds: Are they smart?
DOG SMARTS
Dog owners, like new parents, always seem to have a handful of stories at the ready describing how smart their charges are. Dogs, it is claimed, know when their owners are going out, and when they are coming home; they know how to hoodwink us and they