Intelligence_ From Secrets to Policy - Mark M. Lowenthal [9]
What is intelligence? There are several ways to think about intelligence, all of which will be used throughout this book, sometimes simultaneously.
• Intelligence as process: Intelligence can be thought of as the means by which certain types of information are required and requested, collected, analyzed, and disseminated, and as the way in which certain types of covert action are conceived and conducted.
• Intelligence as product: Intelligence can be thought of as the product of these processes, that is, as the analyses and intelligence operations themselves.
• Intelligence as organization: Intelligence can be thought of as the units that carry out its various functions.
KEY TERMS
intelligence
mirror imaging
politicized intelligence
FURTHER READINGS
Each of these readings grapples with the definition of intelligence, either by function or by role, in a different way. Some deal with intelligence on its own terms; others attempt to relate it to the larger policy process.
Betts. Richard. “Analysis, War, and Decision: Why Intelligence Failures Are Inevitable.” World Politics 31 (October 1978). Reprinted in Power, Strategy, and Security. Ed. Klaus Knorr. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.
Hamilton, Lee. “The Role of Intelligence in the Foreign Policy Process.” Essays on Strategy and Diplomacy. Claremont, CA: Claremont College, Keck Center for International Strategic Studies, 1987.
Herman, Michael. Intelligence Power in Peare and War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Heymann, Hans. “Intelligence/Policy Relationships.” In Intelligonce: Policy and Process. Ed. Alfred C. Maurer and others. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985.
Hilsman, Roger. Strategic Intelligence and National Decisions. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958.
Kent, Sherman. Strategic Intelligence for American Foreign Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949.
Laqueur, Walter. A World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
Scott, Len, and Peter Jackson. “The Study of Intelligence in Theory and Practice.” Intelligenre and National Security 19 (summer 2004): 139-169.
Shulsky. Abram N., and Gary J. Schmitt. Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of intelligence. 2d rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s, 1993.
Shulsky, Abram N., and Jennifer Sims. What Is Intelligenre? Washington, D.C.: Consortium for the Study of Intelligence, 1992.
Troy, Thomas F. “The ‘Correct’ Definition of Intelligence.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 5 (winter 1991-1992): 433-454.
Warner, Michael. “Wanted: A Definition of Intelligence.” Studies in Intelligence 46 (2002): 15-23.
CHAPTER 2
THE DEVELOPMENT OF U.S. INTELLIGENCE
EACH NATION practices intelligence in ways that are specific—if not peculiar—to that nation alone. This is true even among countries that share a great deal of their intelligence, such as Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States. A better understanding of how and why the United States practices intelligence is important because the U.S. intelligence system remains the largest and most influential in the world—as model, rival, or target. (The practices of several foreign intelligence services are discussed in chap. 15.) Such an understanding comes with knowledge of the major themes and historical events that shaped the development of U.S. intelligence and helped determine how it continues to function.
The phrase “intelligence community” is used throughout the book as well as in most other discussions of U.S. intelligence. The word “community” is particularly apt in describing U.S. intelligence. The community is made up of agencies and offices whose work is often related and sometimes combined, but they serve different clients and work under various lines of authority and control. The intelligence community grew out of a set of evolving demands and without a master plan. It is highly