Jihad vs. McWorld - Benjamin R. Barber [179]
22. Figures from R. Samuelson, “The Global Village,” introductory essay to Vital World Statistics, no page.
23. The Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Reports (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 1992).
24. In 1989, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman ranked, respectively, numbers one, two, three, eight, and nine in per capita energy consumption in the world; whatever else their bad consumption habits bred, dependency was not among them.
25. Some Western nations without fossil fuels have moved to alternative sources: alpine nations like Switzerland and Austria get most of the energy they use (other than in their autos) from hydroelectric and the rest from nuclear (37.7 percent). France, with the most developed nuclear industry in Europe, derives 64.2 percent of its domestic energy production from nuclear fuels, and Belgium is not far behind. South Korea (49 percent) and Japan (27.2 percent) are also significantly nuclear. Vital World Statistics, p. 81.
26. About seven-eighths of its total energy consumption derives from imports—the French too love to drive! Despite its nuclear production, because it exports much of what it produces it must still import to satisfy domestic demand.
27. See Appendix A.
28. International Petroleum Encyclopedia (Tulsa: Penwell Publishing, 1993), pp. 284–285.
29. Jane Perlez, “Ukraine Miners Bemoan the Costs of Independence,” The New York Times, July 17, 1993, pp. A I,5.
Chapter 3. The Industrial Sector and the Rise of the East
1. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers (New York: Random House, 1988); and Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century (New York: Vintage Books, 1993); David P Calleo, Beyond American Hegemony: The Future of the Western Alliance (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1987).
2. Along with China, The Economist’s favorites for 1993 as reported in The World in 1993.
3. The Economist Book of Vital World Statistics (New York: Times Books, 1990), p. 39. The list might also include nations like Puerto Rico, Cuba, Sweden, Portugal, Uruguay, Zimbabwe, Mexico, Brazil, and Turkey that devote at least a quarter of their GNPs specifically to manufacturing. I have not included Eastern European nations in the eighties, even though they rank high, because the importance of the industrial sector there is overstated by virtue of the fact that services (mostly undertaken by the state under communism) are excluded.
4. Joseph Nye, paraphrasing Stephen D. Krasner’s International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983) in Nye’s Bound to Lead: The Changing Character of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1991), p. 33.
5. Nye and Huntington and others believe that the prospects for American decline have been overstated. If the emergent service economy in its new age information/communication contours—the infotainment telemar-ket—is to be the new standard for growth, then countries like China and Japan are less threatening than they seem. In Nye’s portrait, Japan is a “one-dimensional economic power” despite its industrial might. It lacks the global cultural and institutional resources—the soft power resident in the new service sector—to maintain its current leadership. Nye, ibid., p. 166.
6. It is important to remember, in gauging America’s twentieth-century journey, that its wartime hegemony in world manufacturing and industrial production represented an artificially heightened profile as a result of the rest of the world’s artificially diminished potential. Nye suggests that with 1938 rather than 1945 as the historical marker, there is no American decline even in the manufacturing sector—only a decline from the artificially high wartime prominence. See Nye, ibid., pp. 5–6. Today the top eight banks are Japanese and the United States has only two in the top fifty—Citicorp at number 25 and Chemical at number 42.
7. The heavy industrial sectors remain important, of course. American steel production, which as recently as 1970 was still 20 percent of the world total, had fallen to 11 percent by 1985, but has remained stable